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Bronchodilation: Formoterol fumarate acts on beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle of the airways, leading to relaxation of the muscles and dilation of the bronchioles. This helps to relieve bronchospasm and improve airflow in conditions such as asthma and COPD.
Asthma Management: It is used as a maintenance treatment for asthma in patients who require regular bronchodilator therapy. It helps to prevent asthma symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.
COPD Management: Formoterol fumarate is also indicated for the maintenance treatment of COPD, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It helps to alleviate symptoms such as shortness of breath and coughing, and to reduce the frequency of exacerbations.
Combination Therapy: Formoterol fumarate is often combined with an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), such as budesonide, in a single inhaler device for the management of asthma and COPD. This combination provides both bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effects, addressing both components of these respiratory conditions.
Prevention of Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB): Formoterol fumarate can be used prophylactically to prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction when administered before exercise.
Long-Acting Effect: Formoterol fumarate has a prolonged duration of action, typically lasting up to 12 hours, which allows for twice-daily dosing in most patients.
Onset of Action: It has a rapid onset of action, with bronchodilation occurring within minutes after inhalation, making it suitable for relieving acute bronchoconstriction episodes.
Maintenance Therapy: Formoterol fumarate is intended for regular use as a maintenance therapy to control symptoms and prevent exacerbations of asthma and COPD. It is not intended for immediate relief of acute symptoms.
Adverse Effects: Common side effects of formoterol fumarate may include headache, tremor, nervousness, palpitations, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), muscle cramps, throat irritation, and cough. These side effects are usually mild and transient.
Contraindications: Formoterol fumarate is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to formoterol or any component of the formulation. It should not be used as a rescue medication for acute bronchospasm or status asthmaticus.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| species | Parabacteroides distasonis | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
| 📓 Direct Citations | 👪👶 Indirect Citations | Taxonomy | Rank | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | Parabacteroides | genus | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Parabacteroides distasonis | species | Decreases |
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Allergies | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Allergy to milk products | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Autism | 0.4 | 0.5 | -0.25 |
| Bipolar Disorder | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Carcinoma | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Celiac Disease | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Cognitive Function | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Colorectal Cancer | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| COVID-19 | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Crohn's Disease | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.25 |
| Depression | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.25 |
| Endometriosis | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Epilepsy | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Fibromyalgia | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Graves' disease | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Heart Failure | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| hemorrhagic stroke | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| hyperglycemia | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Hypoxia | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3 |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| ischemic stroke | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Long COVID | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Mood Disorders | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.25 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 0.4 | 0.5 | -0.25 |
| neuropathic pain | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Obesity | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Parkinson's Disease | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 0.4 | 0.5 | -0.25 |
| Psoriasis | 0.5 | -0.5 | |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Schizophrenia | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Sjögren syndrome | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Vitiligo | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
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