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🍽️ levetiracetam,(prescription)

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  1. Epilepsy: Levetiracetam is primarily used to manage seizures in individuals with epilepsy. It is effective in controlling partial-onset seizures (also known as focal seizures), generalized tonic-clonic seizures, myoclonic seizures, and absence seizures.

  2. Partial-Onset Seizures: Levetiracetam has been shown to reduce the frequency and severity of partial-onset seizures, which involve abnormal electrical activity in a specific area of the brain. It may be used as monotherapy or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for better seizure control.

  3. Generalized Seizures: Levetiracetam is also effective in controlling generalized tonic-clonic seizures, which affect both sides of the brain and typically involve loss of consciousness and convulsions. It can help prevent the occurrence of these seizures and improve overall seizure management.

  4. Myoclonic Seizures: Myoclonic seizures are characterized by sudden, brief muscle jerks or twitches. Levetiracetam has shown efficacy in reducing the frequency and severity of myoclonic seizures, particularly in individuals with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.

  5. Absence Seizures: Levetiracetam may also be effective in managing absence seizures, which involve brief episodes of impaired consciousness and staring spells. It can help prevent the occurrence of these seizures and improve seizure control in individuals with certain types of epilepsy syndromes.

  6. Safety and Tolerability: Levetiracetam is generally well-tolerated, with a favorable safety profile compared to some other AEDs. Common side effects may include drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, and behavioral changes. These side effects are usually mild and transient, but they may require dose adjustment or discontinuation of the medication in some cases.

  7. Long-Term Treatment: Levetiracetam is suitable for long-term use in the management of epilepsy. It is often prescribed as a maintenance therapy to prevent seizure recurrence and improve quality of life in individuals with epilepsy.

  8. Dosage Adjustment: The dosage of levetiracetam may need to be adjusted based on individual response, seizure control, and tolerability. Healthcare providers typically start with a low dose and gradually increase it to achieve optimal seizure management while minimizing side effects.

  9. Monitoring and Follow-Up: Regular monitoring of seizure frequency, medication adherence, and potential adverse effects is important for optimizing treatment outcomes with levetiracetam. Healthcare providers may adjust the treatment plan as needed to ensure effective seizure control and minimize side effects.

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⚗️ Compensation for antibiotic usage

Data Contradictions — Limits of Certainity

Impacted of levetiracetam,(prescription) On Probiotics

Rank Probiotic Impact
species Escherichia coli Reduces
species Parabacteroides distasonis Reduces

Bacteria Impacted by levetiracetam,(prescription)

We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.

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📓 Direct Citations 👪👶 Indirect Citations Taxonomy Rank Effect
0 1 Escherichia genus Decreases
0 1 Parabacteroides genus Decreases
0 1 Bacteroides genus Decreases
0 1 Fusobacterium genus Decreases
0 1 Lacrimispora genus Decreases
0 1 Mediterraneibacter genus Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus genus Decreases
0 1 Enterocloster genus Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O25:H16 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O145:H34 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O16:H48 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O141:H4 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O139:H1 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O80:H26 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O158:H23 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O84:H7 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O2:K1:H4 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O2:K1:H7 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O78:H51 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O18ac:H14 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O85:H1 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O7:H15 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O68:H12 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O55:H7 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O1:K1:H7 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O15:H12 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O170:H18 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O155:H21 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O19:H7 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O2:K1:H5 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O20:H12 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O111 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O121 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O155 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O177 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O26 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O3 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O5 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O86 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O91 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O103 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O78 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O43 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O119 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O157 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O145 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O1:HNT serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O10:K5(L):H4 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O103:H11 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O103:H25 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O104:H21 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O111:H11 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O111:H8 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O112ac:H19 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O114:H49 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O118:H16 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O121:H7 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O123:H11 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O127:H27 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O127:H6 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O128:H2 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O128ac:H12 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O145:H25 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O145:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O146:H21 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O153:H2 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O156:H25 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O157:H43 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O157:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O165:H25 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O174:H2 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O174:H21 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O174:H8 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O176:H45 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O177:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O26:H1 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O28ac:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O29:H4 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O32:H37 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O6:H16:CFA/II serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O69:H11 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O78:H12 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O79:H7 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O81:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O86:H34 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O91:H14 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O91:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli ONT:H33 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O100:H21 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O121:H19 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O157:H7 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O16:H6 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O89m:H9 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O111:H- serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O113:H21 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli H20 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O150:H6 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O111:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O112ab:H8 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O99:H6 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O26:H11 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O145:H28 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O126:H45 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O2:H6 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O7:H4 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O1:H42 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O25:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O25:H1 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O7:K1 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O125ac:K+:H10 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O6:K2:H1 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O152:H23 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O15:H18 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O39:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O44:H18 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O2:K2:H1 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O8:H8 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O89m:H10 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O10:H32 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O6:H16 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O157:H- serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O45:H2 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O103:H2 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O167:H26 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O104:H4 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O83:H1 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O9:H10 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O78:H4 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O139:H28 serotype Decreases
1 0 Parabacteroides merdae species Decreases
1 0 Streptococcus salivarius species Decreases
1 0 Mediterraneibacter gnavus species Decreases
1 0 Bacteroides fragilis species Decreases
1 0 Streptococcus parasanguinis species Decreases
1 0 Escherichia coli species Decreases
1 0 Lacrimispora saccharolytica species Decreases
1 0 Parabacteroides distasonis species Decreases
1 0 Fusobacterium nucleatum species Decreases
1 0 Enterocloster bolteae species Decreases
0 1 Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum subspecies Decreases

Impact of levetiracetam,(prescription) on Conditions from US National Library of Medicine

A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.

We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive   X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.

Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.

Condition Positive Impact Negative Impact Benefit Ratio Impact
Acne 0.3 0.3
ADHD 1 1
Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma 0.4 -0.4
Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) 2.1 0.6 2.5
Allergies 2.2 0.6 2.67
Allergy to milk products 0.4 1.3 -2.25
Alopecia (Hair Loss) 0.1 0.1
Alzheimer's disease 2.3 1.4 0.64
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron 1.2 0.1 11
Ankylosing spondylitis 1.4 1 0.4
Anorexia Nervosa 0.7 0.8 -0.14
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) 0.4 0.4
Asthma 1.7 0.6 1.83
Atherosclerosis 0.9 0.3 2
Atrial fibrillation 1.2 1.3 -0.08
Autism 2.6 2.3 0.13
Autoimmune Disease 0.9 0.9
Barrett esophagus cancer 0.3 0.3 0
benign prostatic hyperplasia 0.6 0.3 1
Biofilm 1.1 1.1
Bipolar Disorder 1.3 1.3
Brain Trauma 0.3 0.3 0
Breast Cancer 0.2 0.2
Cancer (General) 0.3 0.3
Carcinoma 1.9 0.7 1.71
Celiac Disease 0.9 0.7 0.29
Cerebral Palsy 0.6 0.3 1
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 1.5 1.3 0.15
Chronic Kidney Disease 1.8 1.8
Chronic Lyme 0.3 -0.3
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 1.4 0.6 1.33
Chronic Urticaria (Hives) 1 0.2 4
Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria 1.5 0.3 4
Cognitive Function 1 0.3 2.33
Colorectal Cancer 3.2 0.4 7
Constipation 1 1
Coronary artery disease 1.5 0.5 2
COVID-19 2.6 1.5 0.73
Crohn's Disease 2.8 1.2 1.33
Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism) 0.3 -0.3
cystic fibrosis 0.7 0.3 1.33
d-lactic acidosis (one form of brain fog) 0.1 0.1
deep vein thrombosis 1 0.6 0.67
Denture Wearers Oral Shifts 0.8 0.8
Depression 2.5 2.2 0.14
Dermatomyositis 0.3 0.3
Eczema 1.6 1 0.6
Endometriosis 1.7 0.1 16
Eosinophilic Esophagitis 0.3 0.3 0
Epilepsy 1.8 1.3 0.38
erectile dysfunction 1.6 1.6
Fibromyalgia 1 0.7 0.43
Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation 2 0.9 1.22
gallstone disease (gsd) 1.8 0.3 5
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus 0.6 0.3 1
Generalized anxiety disorder 2.1 0.6 2.5
Glioblastoma 0.3 -0.3
Gout 0.9 0.9
Graves' disease 0.7 0.6 0.17
Gulf War Syndrome 0.3 0.2 0.5
Halitosis 0.9 0.3 2
Hashimoto's thyroiditis 0.8 0.3 1.67
Heart Failure 2.2 2.2
hemorrhagic stroke 0.7 0.7
Hidradenitis Suppurativa 0.9 0.9
High Histamine/low DAO 0.1 0.1
hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) 0.1 0.1
hyperglycemia 1.2 0.7 0.71
hypertension (High Blood Pressure 2.2 0.8 1.75
Hypoxia 1.5 1.5
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) 1.3 0.4 2.25
Inflammatory Bowel Disease 3.2 1.3 1.46
Insomnia 1.1 0.6 0.83
Intelligence 0.4 0.4
Intracranial aneurysms 1 1
Irritable Bowel Syndrome 2 1 1
ischemic stroke 1.2 0.9 0.33
Liver Cirrhosis 2.7 1 1.7
Long COVID 2.4 1 1.4
Lung Cancer 0.6 0.6
Lymphoma 0.6 0.6
Mast Cell Issues / mastitis 0.9 0.9
ME/CFS with IBS 0.3 0.3 0
ME/CFS without IBS 0.7 0.4 0.75
membranous nephropathy 0.3 0.3
Menopause 0.3 0.3
Metabolic Syndrome 2.7 1.5 0.8
Mood Disorders 2.4 2.2 0.09
multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] 0.8 0.8
Multiple Sclerosis 2.3 1.3 0.77
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) 0.2 0.2
myasthenia gravis 0.9 0.9
neuropathic pain 0.7 -0.7
Neuropathy (all types) 0.3 1 -2.33
neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) 0.4 0.4
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic 1.6 0.3 4.33
NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity 0.3 0.3 0
Obesity 2.6 2.5 0.04
obsessive-compulsive disorder 2 1 1
Osteoarthritis 1.6 0.6 1.67
Osteoporosis 0.9 0.6 0.5
pancreatic cancer 1.2 0.6 1
Parkinson's Disease 2.5 2.3 0.09
Polycystic ovary syndrome 3.2 0.6 4.33
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder 0.4 -0.4
primary biliary cholangitis 0.3 0.6 -1
Primary sclerosing cholangitis 1.5 1 0.5
Psoriasis 0.7 0.8 -0.14
rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) 2.1 0.8 1.63
Schizophrenia 1.9 0.7 1.71
scoliosis 0.1 0.1
Sjögren syndrome 1.3 0.7 0.86
Sleep Apnea 0.3 0.3 0
Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis 0.4 0.4
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) 1 1
Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder 1.2 0.7 0.71
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 2.6 0.1 25
Tic Disorder 0.3 0.3
Tourette syndrome 0.3 0.3 0
Type 1 Diabetes 1.5 0.6 1.5
Type 2 Diabetes 2.7 1.7 0.59
Ulcerative colitis 2 0.9 1.22
Unhealthy Ageing 1.6 0.4 3
Vitiligo 1.2 0.4 2

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