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🍽️ allopurinol,(prescription)

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  1. Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition: Allopurinol works by inhibiting the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which is responsible for the conversion of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid. By blocking this enzyme, allopurinol reduces the production of uric acid, leading to decreased serum urate levels.

  2. Treatment of Gout: Allopurinol is a first-line medication for the management of gout, a form of inflammatory arthritis caused by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the joints. By lowering serum urate levels, allopurinol helps prevent the formation of urate crystals and reduces the frequency and severity of gout attacks.

  3. Prevention of Gout Flares: Allopurinol is also used for the long-term prevention of gout flares in patients with recurrent gout attacks or tophi (urate crystal deposits) despite dietary modifications or lifestyle changes. Continuous allopurinol therapy helps maintain serum urate levels within the target range and prevents the recurrence of gout symptoms.

  4. Prevention of Uric Acid Kidney Stones: Allopurinol may be used to prevent the formation of uric acid kidney stones in individuals with a history of recurrent kidney stones related to hyperuricosuria (excessive urinary excretion of uric acid). By lowering urinary uric acid levels, allopurinol reduces the risk of uric acid stone formation.

  5. Treatment of Hyperuricemia: Allopurinol is indicated for the treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia in patients at risk of developing gout or uric acid kidney stones. By lowering serum urate levels, allopurinol helps prevent the progression of hyperuricemia to symptomatic gout or other complications.

  6. Allopurinol Hypersensitivity Syndrome (AHS): A rare but potentially serious side effect of allopurinol therapy is allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS), also known as drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). AHS is characterized by fever, rash, eosinophilia, and multiorgan involvement, including hepatitis, nephritis, and hematologic abnormalities. Patients with a history of AHS should not be rechallenged with allopurinol.

  7. Renal Function: Allopurinol is primarily eliminated by the kidneys, and dosage adjustments may be necessary in patients with impaired renal function to prevent drug accumulation and potential toxicity. Renal function should be monitored regularly during allopurinol therapy, particularly in elderly patients or those with pre-existing renal impairment.

  8. Hypersensitivity Reactions: Apart from AHS, allopurinol may cause other hypersensitivity reactions, including skin rash, pruritus, and mild gastrointestinal symptoms. Patients should be monitored for signs of hypersensitivity, and therapy should be discontinued if a severe allergic reaction occurs.

  9. Drug Interactions: Allopurinol may interact with certain medications, including azathioprine, mercaptopurine, and theophylline, among others. Concurrent use of these medications with allopurinol may increase the risk of adverse effects or alter their therapeutic efficacy. Close monitoring and dosage adjustments may be necessary when combining allopurinol with other drugs.

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βš—οΈ Compensation for antibiotic usage

Data Contradictions β€” Limits of Certainity

Impacted of allopurinol,(prescription) On Probiotics

Rank Probiotic Impact
species Bacteroides uniformis Reduces
species Blautia hansenii Reduces
species Escherichia coli Reduces

Bacteria Impacted by allopurinol,(prescription)

We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.

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πŸ““ Direct Citations πŸ‘ͺπŸ‘Ά Indirect Citations Taxonomy Rank Effect
0 1 Bilophila genus Decreases
0 1 Collinsella genus Decreases
0 1 Bacteroides genus Decreases
0 1 Escherichia genus Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus genus Decreases
0 1 Phocaeicola genus Decreases
0 1 Lacrimispora genus Decreases
0 1 Mediterraneibacter genus Decreases
0 1 Fusobacterium genus Decreases
0 1 Shigella genus Decreases
0 1 Roseburia genus Decreases
0 1 Parolsenella genus Decreases
0 1 Parabacteroides genus Decreases
0 1 Coprococcus genus Decreases
0 1 Eggerthella genus Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O1:K1:H7 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O139:H1 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O141:H4 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O145:H34 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O15:H12 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O155:H21 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O158:H23 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O16:H48 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O170:H18 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O18ac:H14 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O19:H7 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O2:K1:H4 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O2:K1:H5 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O2:K1:H7 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O20:H12 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O25:H16 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O55:H7 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O68:H12 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O7:H15 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O78:H51 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O80:H26 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O84:H7 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O85:H1 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O103 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O111 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O119 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O121 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O145 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O155 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O157 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O177 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O26 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O3 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O43 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O5 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O78 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O86 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O91 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli H20 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O1:H42 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O1:HNT serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O10:H32 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O10:K5(L):H4 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O100:H21 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O103:H11 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O103:H2 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O103:H25 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O104:H21 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O104:H4 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O111:H- serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O111:H11 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O111:H8 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O111:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O112ab:H8 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O112ac:H19 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O113:H21 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O114:H49 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O118:H16 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O121:H19 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O121:H7 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O123:H11 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O125ac:K+:H10 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O126:H45 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O127:H27 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O127:H6 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O128:H2 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O128ac:H12 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O139:H28 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O145:H25 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O145:H28 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O145:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O146:H21 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O15:H18 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O150:H6 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O152:H23 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O153:H2 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O156:H25 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O157:H- serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O157:H43 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O157:H7 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O157:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O16:H6 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O165:H25 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O167:H26 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O174:H2 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O174:H21 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O174:H8 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O176:H45 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O177:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O2:H6 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O2:K2:H1 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O25:H1 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O25:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O26:H1 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O26:H11 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O28ac:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O29:H4 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O32:H37 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O39:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O44:H18 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O45:H2 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O6:H16 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O6:H16:CFA/II serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O6:K2:H1 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O69:H11 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O7:H4 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O7:K1 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O78:H12 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O78:H4 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O79:H7 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O8:H8 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O81:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O83:H1 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O86:H34 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O89m:H10 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O89m:H9 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O9:H10 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O91:H14 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O91:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O99:H6 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli ONT:H33 serotype Decreases
1 0 Streptococcus parasanguinis species Decreases
1 0 Bacteroides uniformis species Decreases
1 0 Bacteroides caccae species Decreases
1 0 Mediterraneibacter gnavus species Decreases
1 0 Bilophila wadsworthia species Decreases
1 0 Collinsella aerofaciens species Decreases
1 0 Escherichia coli species Decreases
1 0 Phocaeicola vulgatus species Decreases
1 0 Lacrimispora saccharolytica species Decreases
1 0 Streptococcus salivarius species Decreases
1 0 Fusobacterium nucleatum species Decreases
1 0 Roseburia intestinalis species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus sp. LPB0220 species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus sp. HSISM1 species Decreases
0 1 Bacteroides humanifaecis species Decreases
1 0 Parabacteroides merdae species Decreases
0 1 Shigella dysenteriae species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus sp. FDAARGOS_192 species Decreases
0 1 Blautia argi species Decreases
0 1 Parolsenella catena species Decreases
0 1 Shigella flexneri species Decreases
0 1 Escherichia albertii species Decreases
0 1 Bacteroides sp. CACC 737 species Decreases
0 1 Escherichia fergusonii species Decreases
0 1 Shigella boydii species Decreases
1 0 Bacteroides fragilis species Decreases
0 1 Bacteroides sp. HF-162 species Decreases
0 1 Bacteroides sp. A1C1 species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus lactarius species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus gordonii species Decreases
0 1 Parolsenella massiliensis species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus vestibularis species Decreases
0 1 Collinsella stercoris species Decreases
1 0 Coprococcus comes species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus australis species Decreases
0 1 Blautia hansenii species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus sp. oral taxon 061 species Decreases
0 1 Shigella sonnei species Decreases
0 1 Blautia parvula species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus infantis species Decreases
0 1 Escherichia marmotae species Decreases
0 1 Bacteroides faecium species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus oralis species Decreases
0 1 Blautia producta species Decreases
0 1 Alistipes sp. dk3624 species Decreases
0 1 Escherichia sp. E4742 species Decreases
0 1 Thomasclavelia ramosa species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus cristatus species Decreases
0 1 Bacteroides luhongzhouii species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus sp. oral taxon 431 species Decreases
0 1 Enterocloster bolteae species Decreases
0 1 Anaerostipes caccae species Decreases
0 1 Bacteroides caecimuris species Decreases
0 1 Lancefieldella parvula species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus sp. Marseille-Q6470 species Decreases
0 1 Bacteroides helcogenes species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus koreensis species Decreases
0 1 Parafannyhessea umbonata species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus ilei species Decreases
1 0 Eggerthella lenta species Decreases
1 0 [Ruminococcus] torques species Decreases
0 1 Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum subspecies Decreases

Impact of allopurinol,(prescription) on Conditions from US National Library of Medicine

A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.

We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive   X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.

Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.

Condition Positive Impact Negative Impact Benefit Ratio Impact
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm 0.3 0.3
ADHD 1.3 0.1 12
Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma 0.2 0.1 1
Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) 1.5 1.4 0.07
Allergies 1.9 0.4 3.75
Allergy to milk products 1.1 0.6 0.83
Alopecia (Hair Loss) 0.3 0.3
Alzheimer's disease 2.6 2.8 -0.08
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron 0.7 0.5 0.4
Ankylosing spondylitis 1.7 1 0.7
Anorexia Nervosa 0.4 0.8 -1
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) 1.1 0.3 2.67
Asthma 1.9 0.7 1.71
Atherosclerosis 1.4 0.5 1.8
Atrial fibrillation 0.9 1.1 -0.22
Autism 3.3 2.8 0.18
Autoimmune Disease 0.7 0.2 2.5
Barrett esophagus cancer 0.2 0.2 0
benign prostatic hyperplasia 0.4 0.3 0.33
Biofilm 2.3 2.3
Bipolar Disorder 1.1 0.3 2.67
Brain Trauma 0.5 0.4 0.25
Breast Cancer 0.8 0.8
Cancer (General) 0.2 0.6 -2
Carcinoma 2 0.6 2.33
Celiac Disease 1.9 0.7 1.71
Cerebral Palsy 0.5 0.4 0.25
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 2.7 1.9 0.42
Chronic Kidney Disease 2.3 0.8 1.87
Chronic Lyme 0.4 -0.4
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 2.1 0.6 2.5
Chronic Urticaria (Hives) 1 0.2 4
Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria 1.3 0.4 2.25
Cognitive Function 0.9 0.4 1.25
Colorectal Cancer 4.5 1.4 2.21
Constipation 1.1 0.2 4.5
Coronary artery disease 2 0.7 1.86
COVID-19 4 4 0
Crohn's Disease 4.9 1.2 3.08
Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism) 0.7 -0.7
cystic fibrosis 0.8 0.4 1
d-lactic acidosis (one form of brain fog) 0.5 0.5
deep vein thrombosis 1.5 0.7 1.14
Denture Wearers Oral Shifts 0.9 0.9
Depression 5.3 2.9 0.83
Dermatomyositis 0.2 0.2
Eczema 1.4 0.8 0.75
Endometriosis 1.6 0.7 1.29
Eosinophilic Esophagitis 0.2 0.2 0
Epilepsy 2 0.7 1.86
erectile dysfunction 0.8 0.8
Fibromyalgia 0.7 1 -0.43
Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation 2.5 1.4 0.79
gallstone disease (gsd) 1.7 0.3 4.67
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus 1.1 0.2 4.5
Generalized anxiety disorder 2.3 0.6 2.83
Glioblastoma 0.2 -0.2
Gout 1.1 0.2 4.5
Graves' disease 0.6 0.9 -0.5
Gulf War Syndrome 0.3 0.2 0.5
Halitosis 1 0.2 4
Hashimoto's thyroiditis 0.8 0.6 0.33
Heart Failure 2.6 0.2 12
hemorrhagic stroke 0.3 0.3
Hidradenitis Suppurativa 0.9 0.9
High Histamine/low DAO 0.7 0.7
hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) 0.5 0.5
hyperglycemia 1.5 0.4 2.75
Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) 0.5 0.3 0.67
hypersomnia 0.5 -0.5
hypertension (High Blood Pressure 1.6 1.2 0.33
Hypothyroidism 0.1 -0.1
Hypoxia 0.4 0.4
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) 0.8 1.4 -0.75
Inflammatory Bowel Disease 4.5 3 0.5
Insomnia 0.9 0.8 0.13
Intelligence 1.4 1.4
Intracranial aneurysms 0.6 0.3 1
Irritable Bowel Syndrome 3.2 2.2 0.45
ischemic stroke 1.1 0.8 0.38
Liver Cirrhosis 2.6 1.7 0.53
Long COVID 3.3 1.8 0.83
Low bone mineral density 0.2 -0.2
Lung Cancer 1.3 1.3
Lymphoma 0.4 0.4
Mast Cell Issues / mastitis 1 0.1 9
ME/CFS with IBS 0.5 0.4 0.25
ME/CFS without IBS 1 0.3 2.33
membranous nephropathy 0.2 0.2
Menopause 0.2 0.2 0
Metabolic Syndrome 5 2.5 1
Mood Disorders 4.5 2.6 0.73
multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] 0.6 0.6
Multiple Sclerosis 3.3 1 2.3
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) 0.7 0.7
myasthenia gravis 0.7 0.2 2.5
neuropathic pain 0 0.5 0
Neuropathy (all types) 0.3 0.5 -0.67
neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) 0.8 0.8
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic 2.1 0.5 3.2
NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity 0.6 0.3 1
Obesity 4.2 2.8 0.5
obsessive-compulsive disorder 2.6 1.2 1.17
Osteoarthritis 2.1 0.5 3.2
Osteoporosis 0.9 0.5 0.8
pancreatic cancer 0.6 0.2 2
Parkinson's Disease 3.4 2.2 0.55
Polycystic ovary syndrome 2.9 0.9 2.22
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome 0.1 -0.1
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder 0.3 0.1 2
primary biliary cholangitis 0.2 1.3 -5.5
Primary sclerosing cholangitis 1.5 0.8 0.88
Psoriasis 1.4 0.6 1.33
rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) 3.3 1.1 2
Rosacea 0 0.2 0
Schizophrenia 2.2 0.6 2.67
scoliosis 0.6 0.3 1
Sjögren syndrome 0.8 1 -0.25
Sleep Apnea 0.5 0.5 0
Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis 0.8 0.8
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) 1.2 1.2
Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder 1.4 1 0.4
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 2.4 0.5 3.8
Tic Disorder 0.7 0.3 1.33
Tourette syndrome 0.2 0.3 -0.5
Type 1 Diabetes 1.9 1.1 0.73
Type 2 Diabetes 5.1 2.7 0.89
Ulcerative colitis 2.6 2.2 0.18
Unhealthy Ageing 2.7 0.4 5.75
Vitiligo 0.8 0.3 1.67

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