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🍽️ rofecoxib,(prescription)

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  1. Pain Relief: Rofecoxib was effective in providing pain relief for individuals suffering from conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and acute pain. As an NSAID, it worked by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are substances in the body that contribute to inflammation and pain.

  2. Anti-inflammatory Effects: Like other NSAIDs, rofecoxib exhibited anti-inflammatory properties, making it useful in reducing inflammation associated with arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. By reducing inflammation, it helped alleviate symptoms such as pain, swelling, and stiffness.

  3. Cardiovascular Risks: The major reason for the withdrawal of rofecoxib from the market was its association with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, including heart attacks and strokes. Clinical studies revealed that long-term use of rofecoxib, especially at high doses, was linked to a higher incidence of cardiovascular events compared to placebo or other NSAIDs. This risk was particularly concerning for individuals with a history of cardiovascular disease or risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, or smoking.

  4. Gastrointestinal Side Effects: Rofecoxib, like other NSAIDs, could cause gastrointestinal side effects such as stomach ulcers, bleeding, and perforation. While it was initially believed to have a lower risk of gastrointestinal complications compared to traditional NSAIDs, subsequent research indicated that its cardiovascular risks outweighed any potential gastrointestinal benefits.

  5. Withdrawal from the Market: In September 2004, Merck & Co., the manufacturer of Vioxx, voluntarily withdrew the drug from the market worldwide due to safety concerns related to its cardiovascular risks. The decision followed the results of clinical trials and studies that demonstrated an increased risk of heart attacks and strokes associated with rofecoxib use.

  6. Legal Issues: The withdrawal of rofecoxib from the market led to numerous lawsuits against Merck & Co. by individuals who had experienced adverse cardiovascular events while taking the drug. In 2007, Merck agreed to settle many of these lawsuits for billions of dollars.

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⚗️ Compensation for antibiotic usage

Data Contradictions — Limits of Certainity

Impacted of rofecoxib,(prescription) On Probiotics

Rank Probiotic Impact
species Anaerobutyricum hallii Reduces
species Blautia wexlerae Reduces
species Christensenella minuta Reduces
species Enterococcus faecium Reduces
species Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Reduces
species Lactococcus cremoris Reduces
species Streptococcus thermophilus Reduces

Bacteria Impacted by rofecoxib,(prescription)

We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.

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📓 Direct Citations 👪👶 Indirect Citations Taxonomy Rank Effect
0 1 Lachnospira genus Decreases
0 1 Coprococcus genus Decreases
0 1 Enterocloster genus Decreases
0 1 Thomasclavelia genus Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus genus Decreases
0 1 Anaerobutyricum genus Decreases
0 1 Butyrivibrio genus Decreases
0 1 Komagataeibacter genus Decreases
0 1 Christensenella genus Decreases
0 1 Maliibacterium genus Decreases
0 1 Parabacteroides genus Decreases
0 1 Faecalitalea genus Decreases
0 1 Novisyntrophococcus genus Decreases
0 1 Wujia genus Decreases
0 1 Qiania genus Decreases
0 1 Subdoligranulum genus Decreases
0 1 Lachnoanaerobaculum genus Decreases
0 1 Dorea genus Decreases
0 1 Fusobacterium genus Decreases
1 0 Lachnospira eligens species Decreases
1 0 Streptococcus salivarius species Decreases
1 0 Coprococcus comes species Decreases
1 0 Enterocloster bolteae species Decreases
1 0 Thomasclavelia ramosa species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus sp. FDAARGOS_192 species Decreases
0 1 Anaerobutyricum hallii species Decreases
0 1 Blautia sp. SC05B48 species Decreases
0 1 Komagataeibacter oboediens species Decreases
0 1 Butyrivibrio crossotus species Decreases
0 1 Lachnoanaerobaculum gingivalis species Decreases
0 1 Christensenella minuta species Decreases
0 1 Blautia liquoris species Decreases
1 0 Parabacteroides merdae species Decreases
0 1 Coprococcus catus species Decreases
0 1 Dorea longicatena species Decreases
0 1 Faecalitalea cylindroides species Decreases
0 1 Eubacterium sp. MSJ-33 species Decreases
0 1 Maliibacterium massiliense species Decreases
0 1 Coprococcus eutactus species Decreases
0 1 Novisyntrophococcus fermenticellae species Decreases
0 1 Dorea formicigenerans species Decreases
0 1 Ligilactobacillus ruminis species Decreases
0 1 Qiania dongpingensis species Decreases
0 1 Blautia obeum species Decreases
0 1 [Ruminococcus] lactaris species Decreases
0 1 Wansuia hejianensis species Decreases
0 1 Roseburia hominis species Decreases
0 1 Eubacterium ventriosum species Decreases
0 1 Wujia chipingensis species Decreases
0 1 Clostridium sp. M62/1 species Decreases
0 1 Subdoligranulum variabile species Decreases
0 1 Coprococcus sp. ART55/1 species Decreases
0 1 Clostridium sp. SY8519 species Decreases
0 1 Vescimonas fastidiosa species Decreases
0 1 Roseburia rectibacter species Decreases
0 1 Faecalibacterium duncaniae species Decreases
0 1 Lacrimispora saccharolytica species Decreases
0 1 Clostridium cadaveris species Decreases
0 1 Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans species Decreases
0 1 Anaerostipes hadrus species Decreases
0 1 Faecalibacterium sp. I4-1-79 species Decreases
0 1 Lactococcus cremoris species Decreases
0 1 Simiaoa sunii species Decreases
0 1 Catenibacterium sp. co_0103 species Decreases
0 1 Lachnoclostridium phocaeense species Decreases
0 1 Marvinbryantia formatexigens species Decreases
0 1 [Ruminococcus] torques species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus suis species Decreases
0 1 Faecalibacterium sp. HTF-F species Decreases
0 1 Longicatena caecimuris species Decreases
0 1 Ruminococcus champanellensis species Decreases
0 1 Faecalibacterium sp. I2-3-92 species Decreases
0 1 Catenibacterium mitsuokai species Decreases
0 1 Roseburia intestinalis species Decreases
0 1 Ruminococcus bicirculans (ex Wegman et al. 2014) species Decreases
0 1 Faecalibacterium sp. IP-1-18 species Decreases
0 1 Faecalibacterium sp. I3-3-33 species Decreases
0 1 Solibaculum mannosilyticum species Decreases
0 1 Adlercreutzia equolifaciens species Decreases
0 1 Faecalibacterium sp. IP-3-29 species Decreases
0 1 Treponema peruense species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus sp. LPB0220 species Decreases
0 1 Faecalibacterium sp. I3-3-89 species Decreases
0 1 Ruminococcus gauvreauii species Decreases
0 1 Vescimonas coprocola species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus sp. HSISM1 species Decreases
0 1 Massilistercora timonensis species Decreases
0 1 Faecalibacillus intestinalis species Decreases
0 1 Adlercreutzia hattorii species Decreases
0 1 Intestinibaculum porci species Decreases
0 1 [Clostridium] hylemonae species Decreases
0 1 Fannyhessea vaginae species Decreases
0 1 Faecalibacterium sp. I4-3-84 species Decreases
0 1 Blautia wexlerae species Decreases
0 1 Bacillus paralicheniformis species Decreases
0 1 Acutalibacter muris species Decreases
0 1 Blautia parvula species Decreases
0 1 Eubacterium sp. c-25 species Decreases
0 1 Parvimonas micra species Decreases
0 1 Mageeibacillus indolicus species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus vestibularis species Decreases
0 1 Lawsonibacter asaccharolyticus species Decreases
0 1 Enterococcus cecorum species Decreases
0 1 Faecalibaculum rodentium species Decreases
0 1 Enterococcus faecium species Decreases
0 1 Ruminococcus bovis species Decreases
0 1 Chordicoccus furentiruminis species Decreases
1 0 Fusobacterium nucleatum species Decreases
0 1 Intestinimonas butyriciproducens species Decreases
0 1 Mogibacterium diversum species Decreases
0 1 Monoglobus pectinilyticus species Decreases
0 1 Oscillibacter hominis species Decreases
0 1 Treponema denticola species Decreases
0 1 Faecalibacterium prausnitzii species Decreases
0 1 Actinomyces oris species Decreases
0 1 Flavonifractor plautii species Decreases
0 1 Hungatella hathewayi species Decreases
1 0 Streptococcus parasanguinis species Decreases
0 1 Pusillibacter faecalis species Decreases
0 1 Emergencia timonensis species Decreases
0 1 Eubacterium limosum species Decreases
0 1 Anaerotruncus colihominis species Decreases
0 1 Flintibacter sp. KGMB00164 species Decreases
0 1 Ruminococcus albus species Decreases
0 1 Turicibacter bilis species Decreases
0 1 Corynebacterium durum species Decreases
0 1 Eubacterium maltosivorans species Decreases
0 1 [Eubacterium] hominis species Decreases
0 1 Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens species Decreases
0 1 Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens species Decreases
0 1 Clostridioides difficile species Decreases
0 1 Eubacterium callanderi species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus thermophilus species Decreases
0 1 Olsenella sp. oral taxon 807 species Decreases
0 1 Romboutsia ilealis species Decreases
0 1 Butyricicoccus sp. GAM44 species Decreases
0 1 Phascolarctobacterium sp. Marseille-Q4147 species Decreases
0 1 Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans species Decreases
0 1 Streptococcus gordonii species Decreases
0 1 Phoenicibacter congonensis species Decreases
0 1 Actinomyces naeslundii species Decreases
0 1 Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum subspecies Decreases

Impact of rofecoxib,(prescription) on Conditions from US National Library of Medicine

A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.

We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive   X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.

Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.

Condition Positive Impact Negative Impact Benefit Ratio Impact
ADHD 0.4 0.9 -1.25
Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma 0.3 0.1 2
Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) 0.7 0.7 0
Allergies 0.9 0.3 2
Allergy to milk products 0.5 0.4 0.25
Alopecia (Hair Loss) 0.1 0.2 -1
Alzheimer's disease 0.9 1.6 -0.78
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron 1.3 0.1 12
Ankylosing spondylitis 0.8 0.4 1
Anorexia Nervosa 0.3 0.7 -1.33
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) 0.4 0.4
Asthma 1.5 0.4 2.75
Atherosclerosis 0.4 0.2 1
Atrial fibrillation 1.2 0.2 5
Autism 1.8 2.1 -0.17
Autoimmune Disease 0.2 0.2
Barrett esophagus cancer 0.1 0.2 -1
Biofilm 0.4 0.4
Bipolar Disorder 0.2 0.3 -0.5
Brain Trauma 0.3 0.1 2
Breast Cancer 0.1 0.1
Cancer (General) 0.1 0.2 -1
Carcinoma 0.8 0.5 0.6
Celiac Disease 0.4 0.7 -0.75
Cerebral Palsy 0.2 0.2
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 1.1 2.7 -1.45
Chronic Kidney Disease 0.7 1.5 -1.14
Chronic Lyme 0.1 0.1
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 1.4 0.9 0.56
Chronic Urticaria (Hives) 0.2 0.1 1
Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria 0.4 0.4 0
Cognitive Function 0.4 0.3 0.33
Colorectal Cancer 1.6 0.2 7
Constipation 0.3 0.3
Coronary artery disease 0.6 1 -0.67
COVID-19 2.1 4.6 -1.19
Crohn's Disease 1.4 2.2 -0.57
deep vein thrombosis 0.4 0.4 0
Denture Wearers Oral Shifts 1.1 1.1
Depression 2.6 2.7 -0.04
Dermatomyositis 0.2 0.2
Eczema 0.4 0.8 -1
Endometriosis 0.8 0.6 0.33
Eosinophilic Esophagitis 0.1 0.2 -1
Epilepsy 0.7 0.5 0.4
erectile dysfunction 0.1 0.1
Fibromyalgia 1.3 0.7 0.86
Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation 1.2 0.8 0.5
gallstone disease (gsd) 0.4 0.1 3
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus 0.3 1.3 -3.33
Generalized anxiety disorder 0.5 0.5 0
Glioblastoma 0.2 -0.2
Gout 0.2 0.3 -0.5
Graves' disease 0.1 0.6 -5
Gulf War Syndrome 0.5 0.5
Halitosis 0.4 0.2 1
Hashimoto's thyroiditis 0.7 0.8 -0.14
Heart Failure 1.7 0.3 4.67
hemorrhagic stroke 0.3 0.3
Hidradenitis Suppurativa 0.6 0.6
hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) 0.1 -0.1
hyperglycemia 0.8 0.2 3
hypertension (High Blood Pressure 1.4 1.6 -0.14
Hypothyroidism 0.1 0.5 -4
Hypoxia 0.2 0.2
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) 0.4 0.9 -1.25
Inflammatory Bowel Disease 2.3 2.3 0
Insomnia 1.5 0.5 2
Intelligence 0.4 0.2 1
Intracranial aneurysms 0.2 0.4 -1
Irritable Bowel Syndrome 0.8 1.2 -0.5
ischemic stroke 0.3 0.1 2
Liver Cirrhosis 1.8 0.7 1.57
Long COVID 3.1 2.8 0.11
Low bone mineral density 1.1 -1.1
Lung Cancer 0.5 -0.5
Mast Cell Issues / mastitis 0.3 0.3 0
ME/CFS with IBS 0.6 1.8 -2
ME/CFS without IBS 0.4 0.5 -0.25
membranous nephropathy 0.2 0.2
Menopause 0.4 0.1 3
Metabolic Syndrome 1.4 1.7 -0.21
Mood Disorders 2.7 1.7 0.59
multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] 1 0.1 9
Multiple Sclerosis 1.6 1.9 -0.19
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) 0.3 0.3
myasthenia gravis 0.2 0.2
neuropathic pain 0.8 -0.8
Neuropathy (all types) 0.3 0.2 0.5
neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) 0.2 0.2
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic 1.4 1.3 0.08
Obesity 2.9 3.1 -0.07
obsessive-compulsive disorder 1.4 0.8 0.75
Osteoarthritis 1.1 0.6 0.83
Osteoporosis 0.4 -0.4
pancreatic cancer 0.3 0.2 0.5
Parkinson's Disease 2.8 2.8 0
Polycystic ovary syndrome 1.2 0.2 5
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome 0.3 -0.3
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder 0.1 -0.1
primary biliary cholangitis 0.3 0.3 0
Primary sclerosing cholangitis 0.6 1.1 -0.83
Psoriasis 0.4 0.4 0
rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) 1.7 0.6 1.83
Rosacea 0.3 0.1 2
Schizophrenia 1.6 0.8 1
scoliosis 0.5 0.7 -0.4
sensorineural hearing loss 0.5 0.5
Sjögren syndrome 0.4 0.4 0
Sleep Apnea 0.6 0.3 1
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) 0.8 0.8
Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder 0.4 0.5 -0.25
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 0.8 0.5 0.6
Tic Disorder 0.2 0.5 -1.5
Tourette syndrome 0.3 0.3
Type 1 Diabetes 0.6 0.9 -0.5
Type 2 Diabetes 1.9 1.1 0.73
Ulcerative colitis 1.9 1.3 0.46
Unhealthy Ageing 1.6 0.6 1.67
Vitiligo 0.6 0.7 -0.17

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