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Pharmacogenetic Testing: Debrisoquin sulfate was commonly used in the past as a pharmacological probe to assess the activity of the CYP2D6 enzyme, which plays a crucial role in the metabolism of many drugs. By administering debrisoquin sulfate and measuring the ratio of its metabolite (4-hydroxydebrisoquin) to the parent compound in urine or plasma, clinicians could determine an individual's CYP2D6 metabolic status.
Poor Metabolizer Phenotype: Individuals who metabolize debrisoquin sulfate poorly due to deficient CYP2D6 activity are classified as "poor metabolizers." This phenotype may have implications for the metabolism and efficacy of various drugs that are substrates for CYP2D6. Poor metabolizers may experience altered drug responses, increased risk of adverse effects, or reduced therapeutic efficacy with medications metabolized by CYP2D6.
Drug Interactions: Debrisoquin sulfate itself is not used therapeutically but is rather a tool for assessing CYP2D6 activity. However, understanding an individual's CYP2D6 metabolic status can be important for predicting drug interactions with medications metabolized by CYP2D6. Poor metabolizers may be at increased risk of adverse drug interactions with drugs that are substrates for CYP2D6.
Genetic Polymorphisms: Genetic variations in the CYP2D6 gene can lead to differences in CYP2D6 enzyme activity and metabolism of drugs. The use of debrisoquin sulfate as a pharmacological probe has helped identify individuals with specific CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms and classify them into different metabolizer phenotypes, such as extensive metabolizers, intermediate metabolizers, and poor metabolizers.
Clinical Relevance: While debrisoquin sulfate testing was once commonly used in clinical practice to assess CYP2D6 activity, its use has declined in favor of more accurate and reliable methods such as genotyping or phenotyping assays. Nevertheless, knowledge of an individual's CYP2D6 metabolic status remains important for personalized medicine and optimizing drug therapy, particularly for medications with narrow therapeutic indices or those with significant interindividual variability in metabolism.
Limitations: Debrisoquin sulfate testing has limitations, including variability in test interpretation, potential for false-positive or false-negative results, and lack of sensitivity to detect all genetic polymorphisms affecting CYP2D6 activity. Therefore, debrisoquin sulfate testing is no longer routinely performed in clinical practice, and genetic testing or other phenotyping methods may be preferred for assessing CYP2D6 activity.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| genus | Bifidobacterium | Reduces |
| species | Anaerobutyricum hallii | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium longum | Reduces |
| species | Christensenella minuta | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
| 📓 Direct Citations | 👪👶 Indirect Citations | Taxonomy | Rank | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | Clostridioides | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Roseburia | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Lacrimispora | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Phocaeicola | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Blautia | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Eggerthella | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Odoribacter | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bacteroides | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Thomasclavelia | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Mediterraneibacter | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Dorea | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Veillonella | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Lachnospira | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Collinsella | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens A | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens B | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens C | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens CPE | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens D | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens E | no rank | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Roseburia hominis | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Roseburia intestinalis | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Clostridioides difficile | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Clostridium perfringens | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Lacrimispora saccharolytica | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Phocaeicola vulgatus | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Blautia obeum | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Eggerthella lenta | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides caccae | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | [Ruminococcus] torques | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Odoribacter splanchnicus | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Thomasclavelia ramosa | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Roseburia rectibacter | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Coprococcus catus | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Butyrivibrio crossotus | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Dorea formicigenerans | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Subdoligranulum variabile | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Veillonella parvula | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Ligilactobacillus ruminis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Wansuia hejianensis | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Lachnospira eligens | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Anaerobutyricum hallii | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium sp. M62/1 | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Dorea longicatena | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Komagataeibacter oboediens | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium sp. SY8519 | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Eggerthella guodeyinii | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Blautia sp. SC05B48 | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Qiania dongpingensis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Coprococcus comes | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Eubacterium ventriosum | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bifidobacterium longum | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Blautia liquoris | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Faecalibacterium duncaniae | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Massilistercora timonensis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Christensenella minuta | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Novisyntrophococcus fermenticellae | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Ruminococcus albus | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Faecalitalea cylindroides | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Eubacterium sp. MSJ-33 | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Maliibacterium massiliense | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Hungatella hathewayi | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Marvinbryantia formatexigens | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | [Clostridium] hylemonae | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | [Ruminococcus] lactaris | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Coprococcus eutactus | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Intestinibaculum porci | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Longicatena caecimuris | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Vescimonas fastidiosa | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Faecalibacterium sp. I2-3-92 | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides fragilis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Wujia chipingensis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium cadaveris | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Enterocloster asparagiformis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Catenibacterium mitsuokai | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Selenomonas sputigena | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Ruminococcus gauvreauii | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Faecalibacterium sp. IP-3-29 | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Lachnoclostridium phocaeense | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Anaerostipes hadrus | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Lachnoanaerobaculum gingivalis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Coprococcus sp. ART55/1 | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Faecalibacterium sp. I4-3-84 | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Simiaoa sunii | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Collinsella aerofaciens | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Mediterraneibacter gnavus | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suillum | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suis | subspecies | Decreases |
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acne | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| ADHD | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1 |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 1 | 0.6 | 0.67 |
| Allergies | 2.5 | 0.8 | 2.13 |
| Allergy to milk products | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 1.4 | 3.4 | -1.43 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 0.6 | 0.2 | 2 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0.7 | 1.3 | -0.86 |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
| Asthma | 2 | 0.7 | 1.86 |
| Atherosclerosis | 0.3 | 1.6 | -4.33 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.7 | 0.2 | 2.5 |
| Autism | 4 | 2.5 | 0.6 |
| Autoimmune Disease | 0.1 | 0.8 | -7 |
| Barrett esophagus cancer | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Biofilm | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.17 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.2 | 0.5 | -1.5 |
| Cancer (General) | 0.2 | 1.2 | -5 |
| Carcinoma | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.17 |
| Celiac Disease | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.75 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.17 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 1.4 | 2 | -0.43 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 1.9 | 1 | 0.9 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 0.1 | 0.5 | -4 |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0.5 | 0.1 | 4 |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.5 | -0.5 | |
| Cognitive Function | 0.3 | 0.9 | -2 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 2.2 | 1.3 | 0.69 |
| Constipation | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.2 | 1.1 | -4.5 |
| COVID-19 | 3.3 | 4.1 | -0.24 |
| Crohn's Disease | 2.2 | 1.4 | 0.57 |
| Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism) | 0.5 | -0.5 | |
| cystic fibrosis | 0.8 | -0.8 | |
| deep vein thrombosis | 0.1 | 0.4 | -3 |
| Denture Wearers Oral Shifts | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Depression | 3.4 | 3.2 | 0.06 |
| Dermatomyositis | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Eczema | 0.6 | 0.8 | -0.33 |
| Endometriosis | 0.4 | 0.6 | -0.5 |
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Epilepsy | 1.2 | 0.4 | 2 |
| erectile dysfunction | 0.5 | 0.1 | 4 |
| Fibromyalgia | 1.6 | 0.7 | 1.29 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 2.1 | 1.8 | 0.17 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.25 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0.6 | 0.7 | -0.17 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.5 | 0.7 | -0.4 |
| giant cell arteritis | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Gout | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Graves' disease | 0.3 | 1 | -2.33 |
| Gulf War Syndrome | 0.6 | 0.2 | 2 |
| Halitosis | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 1.4 | 0.5 | 1.8 |
| Heart Failure | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.86 |
| hemorrhagic stroke | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| High Histamine/low DAO | 1.4 | 0.1 | 13 |
| hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| hyperglycemia | 0.1 | 0.4 | -3 |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| hypersomnia | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 0.8 | 2 | -1.5 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Hypoxia | 1.3 | 1.3 | |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 0.3 | 1.4 | -3.67 |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 4 | 3.2 | 0.25 |
| Insomnia | 0.6 | 0.8 | -0.33 |
| Intelligence | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 2.2 | 1.5 | 0.47 |
| ischemic stroke | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.25 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 2.5 | 1.1 | 1.27 |
| Long COVID | 2.3 | 2.1 | 0.1 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0.3 | 0.4 | -0.33 |
| Mast Cell Issues / mastitis | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.4 | 1.2 | -2 |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1.2 |
| Menopause | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 2.2 | 3 | -0.36 |
| Mood Disorders | 3.7 | 1.8 | 1.06 |
| multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 2.6 | 2.2 | 0.18 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 0.7 | 0.2 | 2.5 |
| myasthenia gravis | 0.8 | -0.8 | |
| neuropathic pain | 0.2 | 1.4 | -6 |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.3 | 0.5 | -0.67 |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 1.7 | 1.6 | 0.06 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 0.6 | 0.2 | 2 |
| Obesity | 3.4 | 2.2 | 0.55 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 2 | 0.9 | 1.22 |
| Osteoarthritis | 1.2 | 0.3 | 3 |
| Osteoporosis | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.75 |
| pancreatic cancer | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Parkinson's Disease | 3.1 | 3.1 | 0 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 2.1 | 1.2 | 0.75 |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3 |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 0.1 | 0.5 | -4 |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 0.8 | 1.3 | -0.63 |
| Psoriasis | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.75 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0 |
| Rosacea | 0.3 | 0.8 | -1.67 |
| Schizophrenia | 2.4 | 1.3 | 0.85 |
| scoliosis | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
| sensorineural hearing loss | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Sjögren syndrome | 0.5 | 0.6 | -0.2 |
| Sleep Apnea | 0.3 | 0.8 | -1.67 |
| Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.6 | 0.1 | 5 |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 1 | 0.9 | 0.11 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 1.2 | 1.3 | -0.08 |
| Tic Disorder | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.25 |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 1.3 | 1.9 | -0.46 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 2.6 | 2 | 0.3 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 2.3 | 3 | -0.3 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 2 | 0.5 | 3 |
| Vitiligo | 0.3 | 0.6 | -1 |
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