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Bronchodilation: Theophylline works as a bronchodilator, which means it relaxes the smooth muscles of the airways in the lungs. This relaxation helps to widen the air passages, making it easier to breathe.
Indications: Theophylline is prescribed for the treatment and prevention of symptoms associated with various respiratory conditions, including:
Dosage and Administration: The dosage of theophylline varies depending on factors such as age, weight, medical condition, and response to treatment. It is typically taken orally as tablets or capsules, with or without food. Extended-release formulations are also available for once-daily dosing. Dosage adjustments may be necessary based on blood levels of theophylline, which are monitored regularly during treatment.
Mechanism of Action: Theophylline exerts its bronchodilator effects by inhibiting the enzyme phosphodiesterase, leading to increased levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) within the cells of the airway smooth muscle. This results in relaxation of the muscle and dilation of the airways.
Side Effects: Common side effects of theophylline may include:
Drug Interactions: Theophylline interacts with many other medications, including certain antibiotics, antifungal agents, and seizure medications. It can also interact with caffeine and some herbal supplements. Patients should inform their healthcare provider about all medications and supplements they are taking to avoid potential interactions.
Precautions: Theophylline should be used with caution in patients with certain medical conditions, including cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, peptic ulcer disease, and liver or kidney impairment. Dosage adjustments may be necessary in these populations.
Monitoring: Regular monitoring of serum theophylline levels is essential to ensure therapeutic efficacy and minimize the risk of toxicity. Blood levels are typically measured 24 hours after the last dose or at steady state. The therapeutic range of theophylline varies but is generally between 5-15 mcg/mL.
Contraindications: Theophylline is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to the drug or its components. It should not be used as a primary treatment for acute asthma attacks or status asthmaticus.
Pregnancy and Lactation: The safety of theophylline use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is not well established. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult their healthcare provider before using this medication.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| species | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
| 📓 Direct Citations | 👪👶 Indirect Citations | Taxonomy | Rank | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | Lacticaseibacillus | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bilophila | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Segatella | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Enterocloster | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Lacrimispora | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Mediterraneibacter | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Thomasclavelia | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Roseburia | genus | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bilophila wadsworthia | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Segatella copri | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Enterocloster bolteae | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Lacrimispora saccharolytica | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Mediterraneibacter gnavus | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Thomasclavelia ramosa | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Roseburia intestinalis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans | subspecies | Decreases |
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| ADHD | 0 | 0 | |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0 | 0 | |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Allergies | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0 | 0 | |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Asthma | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Atherosclerosis | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Autism | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
| Autoimmune Disease | 0 | 0 | |
| Biofilm | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Brain Trauma | 0 | 0 | |
| Cancer (General) | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Carcinoma | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Celiac Disease | 0 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 0 | 0 | |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0 | 0 | |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 0 | 0 | |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0 | 0 | |
| Cognitive Function | 0 | 0 | |
| Colorectal Cancer | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Constipation | 0 | 0 | |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| COVID-19 | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Crohn's Disease | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| cystic fibrosis | 0 | 0 | |
| deep vein thrombosis | 0 | 0 | |
| Depression | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
| Eczema | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Endometriosis | 0 | 0 | |
| Fibromyalgia | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 0 | 0.2 | 0 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Graves' disease | 0 | 0 | |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 0 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Heart Failure | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| High Histamine/low DAO | 0 | 0 | |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| hypersomnia | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 0.1 | 0.4 | -3 |
| Insomnia | 0 | 0 | |
| Intelligence | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| ischemic stroke | 0 | 0 | |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Long COVID | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0 | 0 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Menopause | 0 | 0 | |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 |
| Mood Disorders | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| myasthenia gravis | 0 | 0 | |
| neuropathic pain | 0 | 0 | |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0 | 0 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Obesity | 0.3 | 0.4 | -0.33 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Osteoarthritis | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Osteoporosis | 0 | 0 | |
| Parkinson's Disease | 0.1 | 0.4 | -3 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Psoriasis | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Rosacea | 0 | 0 | |
| Schizophrenia | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| scoliosis | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Sjögren syndrome | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Sleep Apnea | 0 | 0 | |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Tic Disorder | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.5 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
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