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🍽️ primidone,(prescription)

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  1. Seizure Control: Primidone is an anticonvulsant medication that is effective in controlling seizures. It is commonly used in the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (formerly known as grand mal seizures) and partial seizures (including complex partial seizures and simple partial seizures). Primidone helps reduce the frequency and severity of seizures by stabilizing electrical activity in the brain.

  2. Essential Tremor: In addition to epilepsy, primidone may also be prescribed for the treatment of essential tremor, a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary shaking of the hands, head, or other parts of the body. Primidone can help reduce the severity of tremors and improve motor function in individuals with essential tremor.

  3. Off-Label Uses: Primidone may be used off-label for the treatment of other medical conditions, including certain movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, restless legs syndrome, and neuropathic pain. However, its efficacy for these indications may vary, and the use of primidone for off-label purposes should be carefully evaluated by a healthcare professional.

  4. Adverse Effects: Common side effects of primidone may include drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and coordination difficulties. These side effects are usually mild and may improve over time as the body adjusts to the medication. However, some individuals may experience more serious side effects, such as allergic reactions, mood changes, memory problems, or liver dysfunction.

  5. Drug Interactions: Primidone may interact with other medications, including other anticonvulsants, psychiatric medications, and certain antibiotics. It is important for healthcare providers to assess potential drug interactions and adjust dosages accordingly when prescribing primidone.

  6. Monitoring: Individuals taking primidone may require regular monitoring of blood levels of the medication to ensure therapeutic efficacy and minimize the risk of side effects or toxicity. Blood tests may also be performed to monitor liver function and assess for any adverse effects on blood cell counts.

  7. Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Primidone should be used with caution during pregnancy, as it may pose risks to the developing fetus. Pregnant individuals taking primidone should be closely monitored by a healthcare provider. Additionally, primidone may be excreted in breast milk, so breastfeeding while taking primidone should be discussed with a healthcare provider.

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⚗️ Compensation for antibiotic usage

Data Contradictions — Limits of Certainity

Impacted of primidone,(prescription) On Probiotics

Rank Probiotic Impact
genus Bifidobacterium Reduces
species Akkermansia muciniphila Reduces
species Bifidobacterium adolescentis Reduces
species Bifidobacterium breve Reduces
species Bifidobacterium longum Reduces
species Escherichia coli Reduces
species Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Reduces
subspecies Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis Reduces
subspecies Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum Reduces

Bacteria Impacted by primidone,(prescription)

We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.

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📓 Direct Citations 👪👶 Indirect Citations Taxonomy Rank Effect
0 1 Akkermansiaceae family Decreases
0 1 Lacticaseibacillus genus Decreases
0 1 Lacrimispora genus Decreases
0 1 Odoribacter genus Decreases
0 1 Bifidobacterium genus Decreases
0 1 Veillonella genus Decreases
0 1 Collinsella genus Decreases
0 1 Roseburia genus Decreases
0 1 Enterocloster genus Decreases
1 0 Akkermansia genus Decreases
0 1 Bacteroides genus Decreases
0 1 Dorea genus Decreases
0 1 Lachnospira genus Decreases
0 1 Segatella genus Decreases
0 1 Escherichia genus Decreases
0 1 Eggerthella genus Decreases
0 1 Blautia genus Decreases
0 1 Clostridioides genus Decreases
0 1 environmental samples no rank Decreases
0 1 unclassified Akkermansia no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O1:K1:H7 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O139:H1 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O141:H4 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O145:H34 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O15:H12 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O155:H21 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O158:H23 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O16:H48 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O170:H18 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O18ac:H14 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O19:H7 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O2:K1:H4 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O2:K1:H5 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O2:K1:H7 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O20:H12 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O25:H16 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O55:H7 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O68:H12 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O7:H15 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O78:H51 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O80:H26 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O84:H7 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O85:H1 no rank Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O103 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O111 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O119 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O121 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O145 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O155 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O157 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O177 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O26 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O3 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O43 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O5 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O78 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O86 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O91 serogroup Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli H20 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O1:H42 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O1:HNT serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O10:H32 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O10:K5(L):H4 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O100:H21 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O103:H11 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O103:H2 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O103:H25 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O104:H21 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O104:H4 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O111:H- serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O111:H11 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O111:H8 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O111:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O112ab:H8 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O112ac:H19 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O113:H21 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O114:H49 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O118:H16 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O121:H19 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O121:H7 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O123:H11 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O125ac:K+:H10 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O126:H45 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O127:H27 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O127:H6 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O128:H2 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O128ac:H12 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O139:H28 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O145:H25 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O145:H28 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O145:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O146:H21 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O15:H18 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O150:H6 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O152:H23 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O153:H2 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O156:H25 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O157:H- serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O157:H43 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O157:H7 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O157:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O16:H6 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O165:H25 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O167:H26 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O174:H2 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O174:H21 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O174:H8 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O176:H45 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O177:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O2:H6 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O2:K2:H1 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O25:H1 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O25:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O26:H1 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O26:H11 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O28ac:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O29:H4 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O32:H37 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O39:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O44:H18 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O45:H2 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O6:H16 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O6:H16:CFA/II serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O6:K2:H1 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O69:H11 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O7:H4 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O7:K1 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O78:H12 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O78:H4 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O79:H7 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O8:H8 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O81:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O83:H1 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O86:H34 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O89m:H10 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O89m:H9 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O9:H10 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O91:H14 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O91:NM serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli O99:H6 serotype Decreases
0 1 Escherichia coli ONT:H33 serotype Decreases
1 0 Lacticaseibacillus paracasei species Decreases
1 0 Bacteroides xylanisolvens species Decreases
1 0 Lacrimispora saccharolytica species Decreases
1 0 Bifidobacterium adolescentis species Decreases
1 0 Odoribacter splanchnicus species Decreases
1 0 Bifidobacterium longum species Decreases
1 0 Veillonella parvula species Decreases
1 0 Collinsella aerofaciens species Decreases
1 0 Bacteroides caccae species Decreases
1 0 Roseburia hominis species Decreases
1 0 Enterocloster bolteae species Decreases
1 0 Akkermansia muciniphila species Decreases
1 0 Dorea formicigenerans species Decreases
0 1 Veillonella rodentium species Decreases
1 0 Lachnospira eligens species Decreases
0 1 Bifidobacterium angulatum species Decreases
0 1 Veillonella dispar species Decreases
0 1 Bifidobacterium breve species Decreases
0 1 Veillonella sp. S12025-13 species Decreases
0 1 Bacteroides luhongzhouii species Decreases
0 1 Veillonella nakazawae species Decreases
0 1 Parolsenella catena species Decreases
1 0 Segatella copri species Decreases
0 1 Veillonella rogosae species Decreases
1 0 Escherichia coli species Decreases
1 0 Eggerthella lenta species Decreases
1 0 Blautia obeum species Decreases
1 0 Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron species Decreases
0 1 Akkermansia glycaniphila species Decreases
0 1 Akkermansia massiliensis species Decreases
0 1 Candidatus Akkermansia intestinavium species Decreases
1 0 Bacteroides ovatus species Decreases
1 0 Clostridioides difficile species Decreases
0 1 Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei subspecies Decreases
0 1 Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans subspecies Decreases
0 1 Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis subspecies Decreases
0 1 Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum subspecies Decreases
0 1 Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suillum subspecies Decreases
0 1 Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suis subspecies Decreases

Impact of primidone,(prescription) on Conditions from US National Library of Medicine

A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.

We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive   X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.

Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.

Condition Positive Impact Negative Impact Benefit Ratio Impact
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm 0 0
Acne 0.2 -0.2
ADHD 1.4 0 0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma 0.2 0.2
Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) 0.5 1.2 -1.4
Allergies 1.8 1.3 0.38
Allergy to milk products 0.7 0.4 0.75
Alopecia (Hair Loss) 0.3 0.3
Alzheimer's disease 1.3 1.7 -0.31
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron 1.1 0.4 1.75
Ankylosing spondylitis 1.3 0.2 5.5
Anorexia Nervosa 0.2 0.6 -2
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) 0.2 0.2
Asthma 1.6 1.5 0.07
Atherosclerosis 0.6 0.7 -0.17
Atrial fibrillation 0.7 0.5 0.4
Autism 2.2 2.7 -0.23
Autoimmune Disease 0.3 0.4 -0.33
Barrett esophagus cancer 0.2 0.2
benign prostatic hyperplasia 0.1 0.1 0
Biofilm 0.3 0.3
Bipolar Disorder 0.2 0.4 -1
Brain Trauma 0.4 0.5 -0.25
Breast Cancer 0.1 0.1
Cancer (General) 0.4 1.9 -3.75
Carcinoma 0.9 0.8 0.13
Celiac Disease 0.9 1.4 -0.56
Cerebral Palsy 0.6 0.3 1
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 1.5 1.3 0.15
Chronic Kidney Disease 1 0.5 1
Chronic Lyme 0 0.3 0
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 0.3 0.4 -0.33
Chronic Urticaria (Hives) 0.3 0.4 -0.33
Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria 0.2 0.2 0
Cognitive Function 0.6 0.6 0
Colorectal Cancer 1.1 0.8 0.38
Constipation 0.3 0.2 0.5
Coronary artery disease 0.3 0.7 -1.33
COVID-19 2.8 3.1 -0.11
Crohn's Disease 1.5 1.6 -0.07
Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism) 0.1 -0.1
cystic fibrosis 0.2 0.9 -3.5
d-lactic acidosis (one form of brain fog) 0.1 0.1
deep vein thrombosis 0.3 0.3 0
Denture Wearers Oral Shifts 0.4 0.4
Depression 3.7 3.4 0.09
Dermatomyositis 0.2 -0.2
Eczema 0.2 0.6 -2
Endometriosis 0.6 0.7 -0.17
Eosinophilic Esophagitis 0.2 -0.2
Epilepsy 0.8 0.8 0
erectile dysfunction 0.2 0.2 0
Fibromyalgia 0.5 0.4 0.25
Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation 1.2 0.9 0.33
gallstone disease (gsd) 0.5 0.5 0
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus 0.2 0.3 -0.5
Generalized anxiety disorder 0.5 0.8 -0.6
Gout 1.2 0.1 11
Graves' disease 0.7 1 -0.43
Gulf War Syndrome 0 0.7 0
Halitosis 0.3 0.3
Hashimoto's thyroiditis 0.9 0.5 0.8
Heart Failure 0.4 0.5 -0.25
hemorrhagic stroke 0.1 0.1
Hidradenitis Suppurativa 0.2 0.2 0
High Histamine/low DAO 0.3 0.2 0.5
hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) 0.3 0.3 0
hyperglycemia 0.6 0.8 -0.33
Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) 0.5 0.2 1.5
hypersomnia 0.2 -0.2
hypertension (High Blood Pressure 1.2 2.2 -0.83
Hypothyroidism 0.1 0.3 -2
Hypoxia 0.6 0.6
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) 0.2 1.2 -5
Inflammatory Bowel Disease 1.6 2.8 -0.75
Insomnia 0.4 1 -1.5
Intelligence 0.4 0.1 3
Intracranial aneurysms 0.2 0.2 0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome 2.4 1.4 0.71
ischemic stroke 1 0.3 2.33
Liver Cirrhosis 2 1.4 0.43
Long COVID 1.9 2.6 -0.37
Low bone mineral density 0.2 -0.2
Lung Cancer 0.4 0.4 0
Lymphoma 0.1 0.1
Mast Cell Issues / mastitis 0.1 0.2 -1
ME/CFS with IBS 0.3 0.6 -1
ME/CFS without IBS 0.1 0.6 -5
Menopause 1 0.3 2.33
Metabolic Syndrome 2 2.7 -0.35
Mood Disorders 4.1 3 0.37
multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] 0.3 0 0
Multiple Sclerosis 1.7 1 0.7
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) 0.7 0.2 2.5
myasthenia gravis 0.1 0.2 -1
neuropathic pain 0 1.3 0
Neuropathy (all types) 0.2 0.6 -2
neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) 0.3 0.3
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic 1.2 2.1 -0.75
NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity 0.9 0.3 2
Obesity 3.7 2.8 0.32
obsessive-compulsive disorder 0.7 1.1 -0.57
Osteoarthritis 0.2 0.5 -1.5
Osteoporosis 0.6 0.7 -0.17
pancreatic cancer 0.2 0.2
Parkinson's Disease 2 1.6 0.25
Polycystic ovary syndrome 0.7 0.9 -0.29
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome 0.2 -0.2
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder 0.4 0.4
primary biliary cholangitis 0.3 0.2 0.5
Primary sclerosing cholangitis 0.8 0.1 7
Psoriasis 1.2 0.7 0.71
rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) 2.1 1.2 0.75
Rosacea 0.2 0.2 0
Schizophrenia 2.5 0.9 1.78
scoliosis 0.1 0.1 0
Sjögren syndrome 0.9 0.9 0
Sleep Apnea 0.3 0.4 -0.33
Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis 0.4 0.2 1
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) 0.4 0.4 0
Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder 0.8 1 -0.25
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 0.6 1.2 -1
Tic Disorder 0.2 0.6 -2
Tourette syndrome 0.2 0.1 1
Type 1 Diabetes 0.7 1.5 -1.14
Type 2 Diabetes 2.3 2.3 0
Ulcerative colitis 1.2 1.6 -0.33
Unhealthy Ageing 0.8 0.7 0.14
Vitiligo 0.4 0.3 0.33

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