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Research Tool: Idazoxan hydrochloride is primarily used as a research tool in laboratory studies and experimental research. It is commonly employed to investigate the role of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in physiological processes, neurotransmitter release, and neuronal activity. By selectively blocking alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, idazoxan hydrochloride allows researchers to elucidate the mechanisms of receptor activation and modulation.
Neuropharmacology: Idazoxan hydrochloride has been studied for its effects on neurotransmitter systems and neuronal function. It is known to modulate the release of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in various brain regions. By blocking presynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, idazoxan hydrochloride can enhance the release of neurotransmitters and affect synaptic transmission.
Depression and Mood Disorders: Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors have been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression and mood disorders. Idazoxan hydrochloride has been investigated as a potential adjunctive treatment for depression, either alone or in combination with other antidepressant medications. By blocking alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, idazoxan hydrochloride may enhance noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission, leading to antidepressant effects.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Dysfunction of the noradrenergic system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Idazoxan hydrochloride has been studied as a potential treatment for ADHD due to its ability to modulate noradrenergic neurotransmission. By blocking alpha-2 adrenergic autoreceptors, idazoxan hydrochloride may increase noradrenaline release and improve attention and impulse control.
Substance Use Disorders: Idazoxan hydrochloride has been investigated for its potential role in the treatment of substance use disorders, including alcohol dependence and opioid withdrawal. By modulating noradrenergic signaling pathways, idazoxan hydrochloride may attenuate withdrawal symptoms and reduce drug craving in individuals with substance use disorders.
Neuroprotection: Some studies have suggested that idazoxan hydrochloride may have neuroprotective properties and could potentially be used in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. By enhancing noradrenergic neurotransmission and reducing oxidative stress, idazoxan hydrochloride may exert protective effects on neurons and promote neuronal survival.
Side Effects and Safety: Idazoxan hydrochloride may cause side effects such as increased blood pressure, palpitations, dizziness, headache, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Additionally, it may interact with other medications, especially those that affect blood pressure or heart rate. Therefore, the use of idazoxan hydrochloride should be supervised by healthcare professionals, and patients should be monitored for adverse effects.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| species | Bacteroides uniformis | Reduces |
| species | Parabacteroides distasonis | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
| 📓 Direct Citations | 👪👶 Indirect Citations | Taxonomy | Rank | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | Parabacteroides | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Ruminococcus | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bacteroides | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bilophila | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Lachnospira | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Mediterraneibacter | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Enterocloster | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens A | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens C | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens CPE | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens D | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens B | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens E | no rank | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | [Ruminococcus] torques | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Ruminococcus bromii | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Clostridium perfringens | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Enterocloster bolteae | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Parabacteroides distasonis | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Lachnospira eligens | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides uniformis | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bilophila wadsworthia | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides fragilis | species | Decreases |
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Acne | 0.3 | 0.6 | -1 |
| ADHD | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
| Allergies | 1.2 | 1.3 | -0.08 |
| Allergy to milk products | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.14 |
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 1.7 | 1.9 | -0.12 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 0.7 | 0.9 | -0.29 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0.9 | 1.1 | -0.22 |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Asthma | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.67 |
| Atherosclerosis | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.4 | 1 | 0.4 |
| Autism | 2.3 | 2.1 | 0.1 |
| Autoimmune Disease | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 1.5 | 0.3 | 4 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| Breast Cancer | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Cancer (General) | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Carcinoma | 1.3 | 1 | 0.3 |
| Celiac Disease | 0.3 | 1.6 | -4.33 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 0.5 | 0.6 | -0.2 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.78 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.08 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
| Cognitive Function | 1 | 0.2 | 4 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 2.2 | 0.8 | 1.75 |
| Constipation | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.13 |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| COVID-19 | 1.4 | 1.6 | -0.14 |
| Crohn's Disease | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.27 |
| Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism) | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| cystic fibrosis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| deep vein thrombosis | 0.4 | 0.6 | -0.5 |
| Depression | 2.3 | 1.5 | 0.53 |
| Eczema | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.5 |
| Endometriosis | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.17 |
| Epilepsy | 0.6 | 0.7 | -0.17 |
| erectile dysfunction | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Fibromyalgia | 0.6 | 1.1 | -0.83 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 1.6 | 1.9 | -0.19 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 1 | 1 | |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.3 | 0.5 | -0.67 |
| giant cell arteritis | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Gout | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.8 |
| Graves' disease | 1 | 0.6 | 0.67 |
| Gulf War Syndrome | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Halitosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 1.2 | 1.5 | -0.25 |
| Heart Failure | 1.4 | 0.6 | 1.33 |
| hemorrhagic stroke | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
| High Histamine/low DAO | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
| hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| hyperglycemia | 0.7 | -0.7 | |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| hypersomnia | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 1.9 | 1.1 | 0.73 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Hypoxia | 1.2 | 1.2 | |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 1 | 0.5 | 1 |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1.2 | 2 | -0.67 |
| Insomnia | 0.6 | 0.9 | -0.5 |
| Intelligence | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 1 | 1 | |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 1.4 | 1.7 | -0.21 |
| ischemic stroke | 1 | 0.3 | 2.33 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.45 |
| Long COVID | 1.2 | 2.3 | -0.92 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Lymphoma | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Mast Cell Issues / mastitis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 0.2 | 0.4 | -1 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 1.7 | 1.7 | 0 |
| Mood Disorders | 2.6 | 1.5 | 0.73 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 1.5 | 1.8 | -0.2 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| myasthenia gravis | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| neuropathic pain | 1 | -1 | |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.7 | -0.7 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.22 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Obesity | 2.5 | 1.6 | 0.56 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.89 |
| Osteoarthritis | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0 |
| Osteoporosis | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| pancreatic cancer | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Parkinson's Disease | 2.4 | 1.7 | 0.41 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 2 | 1.6 | 0.25 |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 0.9 | 1.1 | -0.22 |
| Psoriasis | 0.6 | 0.9 | -0.5 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 2.1 | 0.5 | 3.2 |
| Rosacea | 0.9 | 0.2 | 3.5 |
| Schizophrenia | 2.2 | 1.5 | 0.47 |
| scoliosis | 0.7 | -0.7 | |
| Sjögren syndrome | 0.4 | 0.9 | -1.25 |
| Sleep Apnea | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0 |
| Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.29 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.17 |
| Tic Disorder | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.08 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 1.5 | 1.4 | 0.07 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 1.5 | 1.7 | -0.13 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 1.4 | 0.4 | 2.5 |
| Vitiligo | 1.4 | 0.6 | 1.33 |
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