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Phosphodiesterase Inhibition: Zardaverine inhibits the activity of phosphodiesterase type 3 (PDE3), an enzyme that breaks down cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). By inhibiting PDE3, zardaverine increases the levels of cAMP and cGMP in cells, leading to various physiological effects.
Cardiovascular Effects: The primary physiological effects of zardaverine are observed in the cardiovascular system. By inhibiting PDE3 in cardiac muscle cells, zardaverine increases intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP, leading to positive inotropic (increased contractility), chronotropic (increased heart rate), and vasodilatory effects. These effects may have potential applications in the treatment of heart failure, myocardial ischemia, and other cardiovascular disorders.
Smooth Muscle Relaxation: In addition to its effects on cardiac muscle cells, zardaverine may also cause relaxation of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels and other organs. This smooth muscle relaxation may contribute to its vasodilatory effects and may have potential applications in the treatment of conditions involving smooth muscle hyperactivity, such as asthma and erectile dysfunction.
Experimental Models: Zardaverine is commonly used in experimental models to study the physiological effects of phosphodiesterase inhibition and to investigate its potential therapeutic applications. Its effects are studied in cell cultures, animal models, and clinical trials to assess its efficacy and safety in different contexts.
Clinical Applications: While zardaverine itself is not widely used clinically as a therapeutic agent, its pharmacological effects have inspired the development of other PDE3 inhibitors for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Drugs such as milrinone and cilostazol are more commonly used in clinical practice for these indications.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| genus | Bifidobacterium | Reduces |
| species | Akkermansia muciniphila | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium longum | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
| 📓 Direct Citations | 👪👶 Indirect Citations | Taxonomy | Rank | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | Akkermansiaceae | family | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Ruminococcus | genus | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Akkermansia | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Coprococcus | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bacteroides | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Agathobacter | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Roseburia | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridioides | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Eggerthella | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Veillonella | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Mediterraneibacter | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Enterocloster | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens A | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens B | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens C | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens CPE | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens D | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens E | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | environmental samples | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | unclassified Akkermansia | no rank | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Akkermansia muciniphila | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Ruminococcus bromii | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Coprococcus comes | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Clostridium perfringens | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides caccae | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides ovatus | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Agathobacter rectalis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Akkermansia glycaniphila | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Akkermansia massiliensis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Candidatus Akkermansia intestinavium | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Roseburia hominis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Clostridioides difficile | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Eggerthella lenta | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bifidobacterium longum | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | [Ruminococcus] torques | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Veillonella parvula | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Mediterraneibacter gnavus | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Enterocloster bolteae | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suillum | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suis | subspecies | Decreases |
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acne | 0 | 0 | |
| ADHD | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.67 |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 0.4 | 0.5 | -0.25 |
| Allergies | 1.2 | 2.4 | -1 |
| Allergy to milk products | 1.6 | 0.1 | 15 |
| Alzheimer's disease | 1.9 | 1.6 | 0.19 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.08 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0.6 | 0.8 | -0.33 |
| Asthma | 0.6 | 1.2 | -1 |
| Atherosclerosis | 0.5 | 0.6 | -0.2 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.67 |
| Autism | 2.9 | 2.3 | 0.26 |
| Autoimmune Disease | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Barrett esophagus cancer | 0 | 0 | |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Biofilm | 0 | 0 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0 |
| Brain Trauma | 0 | 0.6 | 0 |
| Cancer (General) | 0 | 0.7 | 0 |
| Carcinoma | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 |
| Celiac Disease | 0.1 | 1 | -9 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 1.7 | 1.4 | 0.21 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 0.5 | 0.8 | -0.6 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0.2 | 0.7 | -2.5 |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Cognitive Function | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 1.3 | 0.5 | 1.6 |
| Constipation | 0.5 | 0.1 | 4 |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 |
| COVID-19 | 1.8 | 3 | -0.67 |
| Crohn's Disease | 1.5 | 2 | -0.33 |
| Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism) | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| cystic fibrosis | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| deep vein thrombosis | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
| Denture Wearers Oral Shifts | 0 | 0 | |
| Depression | 2 | 3.2 | -0.6 |
| Dermatomyositis | 0 | 0 | |
| Eczema | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Endometriosis | 0.4 | 0.7 | -0.75 |
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0 | 0 | |
| Epilepsy | 0.9 | 1.2 | -0.33 |
| erectile dysfunction | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Fibromyalgia | 0.4 | 0.9 | -1.25 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 1.2 | 1.3 | -0.08 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0 | 0 | |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.8 | 1 | -0.25 |
| giant cell arteritis | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Gout | 1 | 0.8 | 0.25 |
| Graves' disease | 0.5 | 0.6 | -0.2 |
| Gulf War Syndrome | 0.5 | 1.1 | -1.2 |
| Halitosis | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 1 | 0.5 | 1 |
| Heart Failure | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.22 |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| High Histamine/low DAO | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.75 |
| hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) | 0.2 | 0.7 | -2.5 |
| hyperglycemia | 0.2 | 1.2 | -5 |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 1.6 | 1.3 | 0.23 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Hypoxia | 1.1 | 1.1 | |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 0.5 | 0.6 | -0.2 |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1.7 | 3 | -0.76 |
| Insomnia | 0.4 | 1.6 | -3 |
| Intelligence | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 2.1 | 2.2 | -0.05 |
| ischemic stroke | 0.6 | 0.2 | 2 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 1.7 | 2.3 | -0.35 |
| Long COVID | 1.3 | 1.9 | -0.46 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0.2 | 1.1 | -4.5 |
| Mast Cell Issues / mastitis | 0.7 | -0.7 | |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.2 | 0.6 | -2 |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3 |
| Menopause | 0.2 | 0.4 | -1 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 1.6 | 2.3 | -0.44 |
| Mood Disorders | 3.2 | 2.9 | 0.1 |
| multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 2.4 | 1.6 | 0.5 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.75 |
| myasthenia gravis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| neuropathic pain | 0 | 0.6 | 0 |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3 |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 0.9 | 2.1 | -1.33 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 0.9 | 0.1 | 8 |
| Obesity | 2.6 | 2.3 | 0.13 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 0.9 | 1.2 | -0.33 |
| Osteoarthritis | 0.3 | 0.8 | -1.67 |
| Osteoporosis | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0 |
| Parkinson's Disease | 2.7 | 1.2 | 1.25 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 1.7 | 1.7 | 0 |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.5 |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0 | 0 | |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 0 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 0.4 | 0.9 | -1.25 |
| Psoriasis | 1 | 1.2 | -0.2 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1.37 |
| Rosacea | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
| Schizophrenia | 2.3 | 1.4 | 0.64 |
| scoliosis | 0.3 | 0.4 | -0.33 |
| Sjögren syndrome | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Sleep Apnea | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.75 |
| Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.6 | 0.1 | 5 |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 0.8 | 1.2 | -0.5 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| Tic Disorder | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 1.8 | 0.9 | 1 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 1.5 | 2.1 | -0.4 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 0.8 | 2.4 | -2 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 0.6 | 0.8 | -0.33 |
| Vitiligo | 0.5 | 1.1 | -1.2 |
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