AI Engines For more Details: Perplexity Kagi Labs You
Antimalarial Activity: Sulfadoxine belongs to the class of medications known as sulfonamides. It acts by inhibiting dihydropteroate synthase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of folic acid in the malaria parasite. By disrupting folate metabolism, sulfadoxine effectively suppresses the growth and replication of Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite responsible for the most severe form of malaria.
Treatment of Malaria: Sulfadoxine is used in combination with pyrimethamine as part of intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) and seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) programs to treat and prevent malaria in areas where Plasmodium falciparum is resistant to other antimalarial drugs. It is particularly effective in regions with a high prevalence of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-sensitive malaria parasites.
Prophylaxis: Sulfadoxine may also be used for prophylactic purposes to prevent malaria in individuals traveling to or residing in areas where malaria transmission occurs. It is sometimes prescribed as a prophylactic medication for pregnant women at risk of malaria in endemic regions.
Long Duration of Action: Sulfadoxine has a relatively long half-life, allowing for once-a-month dosing in certain prophylactic regimens. This extended duration of action contributes to its effectiveness as a preventive measure against malaria.
Resistance: Prolonged use of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for malaria treatment and prevention has led to the emergence of resistance in some Plasmodium falciparum strains. Resistance to sulfadoxine is primarily mediated by mutations in the dihydropteroate synthase enzyme, which reduces the drug's efficacy against resistant parasites.
Adverse Effects: Common side effects associated with sulfadoxine include gastrointestinal disturbances (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), skin reactions (e.g., rash, itching), and allergic reactions (e.g., fever, hypersensitivity). Severe adverse effects such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis are rare but may occur.
Contraindications: Sulfadoxine should not be used in individuals with a history of hypersensitivity or allergic reactions to sulfonamide medications. It is also contraindicated in pregnant women during the first trimester unless the benefits outweigh the risks, as it may pose a risk of birth defects.
Drug Interactions: Sulfadoxine may interact with other medications, including antifolate drugs, anticonvulsants, oral contraceptives, and methotrexate, among others. Concurrent use of sulfadoxine with these medications may increase the risk of adverse effects or reduce therapeutic efficacy.
Monitoring: Regular monitoring of blood cell counts, liver function tests, and kidney function may be recommended during sulfadoxine therapy, especially in individuals receiving prolonged or high-dose treatment.
Public Health Considerations: The use of sulfadoxine for malaria treatment and prevention is subject to local epidemiological conditions, malaria resistance patterns, and national treatment guidelines. Public health authorities and healthcare providers should carefully consider the appropriate use of sulfadoxine-based regimens to optimize malaria control efforts and minimize the risk of drug resistance development.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| genus | Bifidobacterium | Reduces |
| species | Bacteroides uniformis | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium longum | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
| 📓 Direct Citations | 👪👶 Indirect Citations | Taxonomy | Rank | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | Roseburia | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Parabacteroides | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bacteroides | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bilophila | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridioides | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Coprococcus | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Fusobacterium | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Mediterraneibacter | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Phocaeicola | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Streptococcus | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Segatella | genus | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bifidobacterium longum | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Mediterraneibacter gnavus | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Streptococcus salivarius | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bilophila wadsworthia | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Clostridioides difficile | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Roseburia intestinalis | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Parabacteroides merdae | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Segatella copri | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Coprococcus comes | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Fusobacterium nucleatum | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Phocaeicola vulgatus | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides fragilis | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides uniformis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suis | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suillum | subspecies | Decreases |
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
| Acne | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| ADHD | 3.1 | 0.6 | 4.17 |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.25 |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 1.9 | 1.8 | 0.06 |
| Allergies | 2.8 | 1.7 | 0.65 |
| Allergy to milk products | 0.6 | 1 | -0.67 |
| Alzheimer's disease | 1.8 | 2.7 | -0.5 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 1.1 | 1.2 | -0.09 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 1 | 1.2 | -0.2 |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 1.1 | 0.3 | 2.67 |
| Asthma | 3 | 2 | 0.5 |
| Atherosclerosis | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.13 |
| Autism | 3.9 | 4.4 | -0.13 |
| Autoimmune Disease | 0.6 | 0.8 | -0.33 |
| Barrett esophagus cancer | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Biofilm | 1 | 1 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 1 | 0.8 | 0.25 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.6 | 1.1 | -0.83 |
| Breast Cancer | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
| Cancer (General) | 0.3 | 1.6 | -4.33 |
| Carcinoma | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Celiac Disease | 1.2 | 2 | -0.67 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.13 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 1.8 | 2.2 | -0.22 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 1.7 | 1.1 | 0.55 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.4 | 0.8 | -1 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0 |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.7 | 0.8 | -0.14 |
| Cognitive Function | 1.8 | 1.1 | 0.64 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 4.1 | 1.4 | 1.93 |
| Constipation | 0.4 | 0.5 | -0.25 |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.9 | 1.2 | -0.33 |
| COVID-19 | 3.7 | 4.6 | -0.24 |
| Crohn's Disease | 3.7 | 2.2 | 0.68 |
| Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism) | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| cystic fibrosis | 1.7 | -1.7 | |
| deep vein thrombosis | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0 |
| Denture Wearers Oral Shifts | 1 | 1 | |
| Depression | 4.2 | 3.6 | 0.17 |
| Dermatomyositis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Eczema | 1.2 | 1.9 | -0.58 |
| Endometriosis | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1 |
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Epilepsy | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0 |
| erectile dysfunction | 1.2 | 0.3 | 3 |
| Fibromyalgia | 1.5 | 1 | 0.5 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 2.8 | 2.2 | 0.27 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.09 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.33 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 1.8 | 2.4 | -0.33 |
| Glioblastoma | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Gout | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| Graves' disease | 1 | 1.7 | -0.7 |
| Gulf War Syndrome | 0.6 | 0.9 | -0.5 |
| Halitosis | 1 | 0.3 | 2.33 |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.67 |
| Heart Failure | 2.5 | 0.8 | 2.13 |
| hemorrhagic stroke | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 1.2 | 1.2 | |
| High Histamine/low DAO | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
| hyperglycemia | 0.6 | 1 | -0.67 |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| hypersomnia | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 1.5 | 3.9 | -1.6 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| Hypoxia | 1 | 0.5 | 1 |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 1.3 | 2.1 | -0.62 |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 4 | 4.5 | -0.13 |
| Insomnia | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.27 |
| Intelligence | 0.6 | 0.2 | 2 |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 1 | 0.6 | 0.67 |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 2.8 | 2.3 | 0.22 |
| ischemic stroke | 2 | 0.8 | 1.5 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 3.4 | 2.3 | 0.48 |
| Long COVID | 3 | 4.2 | -0.4 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.8 | -0.8 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Mast Cell Issues / mastitis | 0.4 | 0.6 | -0.5 |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.3 | 0.8 | -1.67 |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| membranous nephropathy | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Menopause | 1.6 | 0.5 | 2.2 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 4 | 4.6 | -0.15 |
| Mood Disorders | 4.1 | 3.2 | 0.28 |
| multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 2.9 | 2.5 | 0.16 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| myasthenia gravis | 0.3 | 0.5 | -0.67 |
| neuropathic pain | 1.6 | -1.6 | |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.3 | 1 | -2.33 |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 1.6 | 2.7 | -0.69 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0 |
| Obesity | 3.9 | 4.9 | -0.26 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 1.7 | 2 | -0.18 |
| Osteoarthritis | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.33 |
| Osteoporosis | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.33 |
| pancreatic cancer | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
| Parkinson's Disease | 3.5 | 2.7 | 0.3 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 3.5 | 1.7 | 1.06 |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.3 | 0.4 | -0.33 |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 0.3 | 0.6 | -1 |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0 |
| Psoriasis | 0.7 | 1.8 | -1.57 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 4 | 1.8 | 1.22 |
| Rosacea | 0.3 | 0.8 | -1.67 |
| Schizophrenia | 3.4 | 1.8 | 0.89 |
| scoliosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Sjögren syndrome | 0.9 | 1.6 | -0.78 |
| Sleep Apnea | 0.9 | 1.1 | -0.22 |
| Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.71 |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 1.8 | 1.8 | 0 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 2.6 | 0.8 | 2.25 |
| Tic Disorder | 0.4 | 0.5 | -0.25 |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 1.4 | 3.2 | -1.29 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 3.8 | 4.1 | -0.08 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 1.7 | 3.5 | -1.06 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 2.8 | 1.6 | 0.75 |
| Vitiligo | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.56 |
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