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Gastrointestinal Disturbances: Common side effects of lincosamides include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort. These symptoms may range from mild to severe.
Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI): Lincosamides can disrupt the balance of normal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, potentially leading to the overgrowth of Clostridium difficile bacteria. This can cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea and in severe cases, pseudomembranous colitis.
Allergic Reactions: Some individuals may experience allergic reactions to lincosamides, which can manifest as rash, itching, swelling, or difficulty breathing. Anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction, is rare but possible.
Liver Toxicity: Lincosamides, particularly clindamycin, have been associated with liver damage or hepatotoxicity in some patients. Monitoring liver function may be necessary during treatment.
Skin Reactions: Lincosamides can cause skin reactions such as rash, hives, or itching. In severe cases, they may lead to Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis, which are serious and potentially life-threatening conditions.
Pseudomembranous Colitis: Severe disruption of normal gut flora by lincosamides can lead to the development of pseudomembranous colitis, a potentially serious condition characterized by severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever.
Overgrowth of Resistant Bacteria: Overuse or misuse of lincosamides can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, making infections more difficult to treat in the future.
Drug Interactions: Lincosamides may interact with other medications, potentially reducing their effectiveness or increasing the risk of side effects. It's important to inform healthcare providers about all medications, supplements, and herbal products being taken to avoid potential interactions.
Rare but Serious Side Effects: In rare cases, lincosamides have been associated with severe adverse reactions such as severe colitis, bone marrow suppression, and neuromuscular blockade.
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive β X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
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