🍽️ gbr 12909 dihydrochloride,(prescription)

Antidepressant Effects: GBR 12909 was initially developed and marketed as an antidepressant medication. It was believed to exert its therapeutic effects by inhibiting the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain, thereby increasing their levels and alleviating symptoms of depression.

Psychostimulant Effects: In addition to its antidepressant properties, GBR 12909 also exhibits psychostimulant effects similar to those of amphetamine and other stimulant drugs. These effects include increased alertness, wakefulness, and energy levels.

Withdrawal Syndrome: Like other psychostimulant drugs, GBR 12909 can lead to the development of dependence and withdrawal symptoms with chronic use. Abrupt discontinuation of the medication may result in symptoms such as fatigue, depression, irritability, and cravings for the drug.

Cardiovascular Effects: GBR 12909 has been associated with adverse cardiovascular effects, including hypertension (high blood pressure), tachycardia (rapid heartbeat), and arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms). These effects can be potentially dangerous, particularly in individuals with preexisting cardiovascular conditions.

Neurological Effects: Long-term use of GBR 12909 has been linked to neurological complications such as seizures and movement disorders. These effects may be dose-dependent and can manifest as tremors, muscle twitching, or more severe convulsions.

Psychiatric Adverse Effects: In addition to its intended antidepressant effects, GBR 12909 has been associated with the development or exacerbation of psychiatric symptoms, including anxiety, agitation, psychosis, and hallucinations. These effects may occur even at therapeutic doses.

Liver Toxicity: GBR 12909 has been reported to cause hepatotoxicity (liver damage) in some individuals, as evidenced by elevated liver enzyme levels and liver function abnormalities. Regular monitoring of liver function may be necessary in patients receiving the medication.

Drug Interactions: GBR 12909 may interact with other medications, including antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and drugs that affect the central nervous system. Concurrent use of GBR 12909 with these medications can potentiate adverse effects or alter their efficacy.

Withdrawal from Market: Due to safety concerns and reports of serious adverse effects, including cardiovascular events and liver toxicity, GBR 12909 was withdrawn from the market in many countries. Its use is no longer recommended for any medical indication.

Research Interest: Despite its withdrawal from clinical use, GBR 12909 continues to be studied in preclinical research settings to better understand its pharmacological properties and potential applications in neuroscience research.