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Pharmacological Properties: Sulfaphenazole is primarily used in laboratory research to inhibit the activity of specific cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP2C9. This enzyme is involved in the metabolism of various drugs, including anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and certain antiepileptic medications.
Cytochrome P450 Inhibition: By inhibiting CYP2C9, sulfaphenazole can affect the metabolism and clearance of drugs that are substrates for this enzyme. This inhibition may lead to alterations in the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of co-administered medications, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and prolonging their effects.
Drug-Drug Interactions: Sulfaphenazole's ability to inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP2C9, can result in clinically significant drug interactions when co-administered with other medications metabolized by the same enzyme system. These interactions may necessitate dose adjustments or careful monitoring to prevent adverse effects or therapeutic failure.
Research Tool: Due to its potent inhibitory effects on CYP2C9, sulfaphenazole is commonly used in preclinical studies and in vitro experiments to investigate drug metabolism, drug-drug interactions, and the pharmacokinetics of various compounds. It serves as a valuable tool for understanding the role of CYP2C9 in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics.
Limited Clinical Use: Sulfaphenazole is not typically used in clinical practice for therapeutic purposes due to its primarily research-oriented application and potential for significant drug interactions. Its use is largely confined to laboratory settings, where it is employed as a selective inhibitor of CYP2C9 to elucidate metabolic pathways and drug interactions.
Safety Considerations: While sulfaphenazole is generally well-tolerated in laboratory research settings, its use in humans is limited and primarily restricted to investigational studies. Like other medications, sulfaphenazole may be associated with adverse effects, although these are less relevant in the context of its intended use as a research tool rather than a therapeutic agent.
Consultation with Healthcare Providers: Individuals participating in research studies involving sulfaphenazole or other pharmacological agents should consult with healthcare providers and researchers for appropriate guidance regarding the risks, benefits, and safety considerations associated with the study protocol.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| genus | Bifidobacterium | Reduces |
| species | Akkermansia muciniphila | Reduces |
| species | Anaerobutyricum hallii | Reduces |
| species | Bacteroides uniformis | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium bifidum | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium breve | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium catenulatum | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium longum | Reduces |
| species | Blautia wexlerae | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
| 📓 Direct Citations | 👪👶 Indirect Citations | Taxonomy | Rank | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | Akkermansiaceae | family | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Akkermansia | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bacteroides | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Mediterraneibacter | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Odoribacter | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Lacrimispora | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Eggerthella | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | environmental samples | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | unclassified Akkermansia | no rank | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bifidobacterium longum | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Akkermansia muciniphila | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides caccae | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides ovatus | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | [Ruminococcus] torques | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides fragilis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium breve | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium angulatum | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides uniformis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bacillus paralicheniformis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Eubacterium ventriosum | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bacteroides sp. D2 | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Faecalibacillus intestinalis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bacteroides luhongzhouii | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bacteroides sp. DH3716P | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bacteroides sp. M10 | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Akkermansia glycaniphila | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Akkermansia massiliensis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Candidatus Akkermansia intestinavium | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Anaerostipes hadrus | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Intestinibaculum porci | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium catenulatum | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Dorea formicigenerans | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Coprococcus catus | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium bifidum | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Dorea longicatena | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Roseburia rectibacter | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Blautia obeum | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Faecalibacterium sp. I3-3-33 | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Odoribacter splanchnicus | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Blautia wexlerae | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Anaerobutyricum hallii | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Roseburia intestinalis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Adlercreutzia equolifaciens | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Blautia sp. SC05B48 | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Lacrimispora saccharolytica | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Eggerthella lenta | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suillum | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suis | subspecies | Decreases |
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Acne | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| ADHD | 2.4 | 0.1 | 23 |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 0.6 | 2.2 | -2.67 |
| Allergies | 2.3 | 2.3 | 0 |
| Allergy to milk products | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.13 |
| Alzheimer's disease | 3 | 2.2 | 0.36 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 1.7 | 0.6 | 1.83 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 1.1 | 0.3 | 2.67 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0.4 | 0.6 | -0.5 |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
| Asthma | 1.6 | 2.3 | -0.44 |
| Atherosclerosis | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| Autism | 2.6 | 3.2 | -0.23 |
| Autoimmune Disease | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Biofilm | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.4 | 0.6 | -0.5 |
| Cancer (General) | 0.1 | 2.1 | -20 |
| Carcinoma | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0 |
| Celiac Disease | 1.3 | 1.8 | -0.38 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 1.1 | 0.3 | 2.67 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.15 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.67 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0.8 | -0.8 | |
| Cognitive Function | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 1.8 | 0.8 | 1.25 |
| Constipation | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.1 | 0.7 | -6 |
| COVID-19 | 4.4 | 5.5 | -0.25 |
| Crohn's Disease | 1.6 | 2.1 | -0.31 |
| Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism) | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| cystic fibrosis | 1.2 | -1.2 | |
| deep vein thrombosis | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.33 |
| Depression | 3.8 | 3 | 0.27 |
| Dermatomyositis | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Eczema | 1.2 | -1.2 | |
| Endometriosis | 0.6 | 0.1 | 5 |
| Epilepsy | 1.3 | 1.7 | -0.31 |
| erectile dysfunction | 0.3 | 0.4 | -0.33 |
| Fibromyalgia | 0.4 | 0.8 | -1 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 2.3 | 2 | 0.15 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.2 | 0.8 | -3 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0.2 | 0.5 | -1.5 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.7 | 1.7 | -1.43 |
| Gout | 1.3 | 0.4 | 2.25 |
| Graves' disease | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0 |
| Gulf War Syndrome | 2.2 | -2.2 | |
| Halitosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 1.9 | 1.6 | 0.19 |
| Heart Failure | 0.3 | 0.9 | -2 |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| High Histamine/low DAO | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) | 0.1 | 0.6 | -5 |
| hyperglycemia | 0.2 | 1.7 | -7.5 |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 2.2 | 3.3 | -0.5 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Hypoxia | 1.1 | 1.1 | |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 0.3 | 1.7 | -4.67 |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 2 | 3.9 | -0.95 |
| Insomnia | 0.4 | 1.3 | -2.25 |
| Intelligence | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 3.6 | 2.5 | 0.44 |
| ischemic stroke | 1.3 | 0.3 | 3.33 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 1.4 | 1.9 | -0.36 |
| Long COVID | 2.4 | 3.4 | -0.42 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0.6 | 0.7 | -0.17 |
| Mast Cell Issues / mastitis | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 1.2 | -1.2 | |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 0.2 | 0.9 | -3.5 |
| Menopause | 1.9 | 0.4 | 3.75 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 2.1 | 3.8 | -0.81 |
| Mood Disorders | 4.5 | 2.6 | 0.73 |
| multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 2.1 | 1.3 | 0.62 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 1 | 0.4 | 1.5 |
| neuropathic pain | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3 |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 0.9 | 3.2 | -2.56 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.17 |
| Obesity | 4 | 3.4 | 0.18 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 1.7 | 1.8 | -0.06 |
| Osteoarthritis | 0.7 | 1.1 | -0.57 |
| Osteoporosis | 0.3 | 1.1 | -2.67 |
| pancreatic cancer | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Parkinson's Disease | 2.9 | 1.4 | 1.07 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 1 | 1.1 | -0.1 |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 0.3 | 0.4 | -0.33 |
| Psoriasis | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.22 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1.11 |
| Rosacea | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
| Schizophrenia | 2.9 | 1.1 | 1.64 |
| scoliosis | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| sensorineural hearing loss | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Sjögren syndrome | 0.1 | 1.4 | -13 |
| Sleep Apnea | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
| Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis | 0.3 | 0.4 | -0.33 |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.3 | 0.7 | -1.33 |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 1.1 | 1.3 | -0.18 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
| Tic Disorder | 0.1 | 0.4 | -3 |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 1.7 | 2.2 | -0.29 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 2.1 | 3.5 | -0.67 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 0.9 | 3.7 | -3.11 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.38 |
| Vitiligo | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.13 |
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