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Treatment of Bacterial Infections: Sulfadiazine is primarily used to treat infections caused by susceptible bacteria. It is effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including Streptococcus species, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and some strains of Chlamydia and Nocardia.
Mechanism of Action: Sulfadiazine works by inhibiting the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid, a precursor to folate, which is essential for bacterial growth. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, an enzyme involved in the folate synthesis pathway. By interfering with folate production, sulfadiazine disrupts bacterial DNA synthesis and ultimately inhibits bacterial growth and reproduction.
Broad Spectrum of Activity: Sulfadiazine exhibits a broad spectrum of activity against various bacterial pathogens, making it useful for the treatment of different types of infections, including urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and certain sexually transmitted infections.
Combination Therapy: Sulfadiazine is sometimes used in combination with other antibiotics, such as trimethoprim or pyrimethamine, to enhance its antibacterial effects. These combinations are often used to treat specific infections, such as toxoplasmosis, nocardiosis, or urinary tract infections caused by resistant bacteria.
Topical Formulations: Sulfadiazine is available in topical formulations for the treatment of burns and wounds. Silver sulfadiazine cream is commonly used as a topical antimicrobial agent to prevent and treat infection in burn patients. It helps reduce bacterial colonization and promotes wound healing by creating a barrier against pathogens.
Adverse Effects: Common side effects of sulfadiazine may include gastrointestinal disturbances (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), allergic reactions (e.g., rash, itching, hives), photosensitivity, and hematological abnormalities (e.g., leukopenia, thrombocytopenia). Rare but serious adverse effects may include Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and hemolytic anemia.
Pregnancy and Lactation: Sulfadiazine should be used with caution during pregnancy, especially during the third trimester, as it may increase the risk of hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus in newborns. It may also be excreted in breast milk, so breastfeeding should be avoided while taking sulfadiazine.
Bacterial Resistance: Like other antibiotics, the overuse or misuse of sulfadiazine can contribute to the development of bacterial resistance. It is essential to use sulfadiazine judiciously and according to specific treatment guidelines to minimize the risk of resistance and ensure optimal efficacy.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| genus | Bifidobacterium | Reduces |
| species | Akkermansia muciniphila | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium longum | Reduces |
| species | Parabacteroides distasonis | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
| 📓 Direct Citations | 👪👶 Indirect Citations | Taxonomy | Rank | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | Akkermansiaceae | family | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Roseburia | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Parabacteroides | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bacteroides | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Coprococcus | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Eggerthella | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Lachnospira | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Lacrimispora | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Mediterraneibacter | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Odoribacter | genus | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Akkermansia | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Enterocloster | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Blautia | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | environmental samples | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | unclassified Akkermansia | no rank | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Eggerthella lenta | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides xylanisolvens | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bifidobacterium longum | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | [Ruminococcus] torques | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Lachnospira eligens | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Blautia obeum | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Akkermansia muciniphila | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides caccae | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Akkermansia massiliensis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Candidatus Akkermansia intestinavium | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Parabacteroides distasonis | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Odoribacter splanchnicus | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Lacrimispora saccharolytica | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Coprococcus comes | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Enterocloster bolteae | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Mediterraneibacter gnavus | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Roseburia hominis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Akkermansia glycaniphila | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suis | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suillum | subspecies | Decreases |
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acne | 0.6 | 0.8 | -0.33 |
| ADHD | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1.33 |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.25 |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 1.2 | 1 | 0.2 |
| Allergies | 2.3 | 1.8 | 0.28 |
| Allergy to milk products | 0.9 | 1 | -0.11 |
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 2.9 | 3 | -0.03 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1.44 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.17 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0.9 | 1.5 | -0.67 |
| Asthma | 2.9 | 1.7 | 0.71 |
| Atherosclerosis | 0.6 | 1.1 | -0.83 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.7 | 1 | 0.7 |
| Autism | 4.7 | 4.2 | 0.12 |
| Autoimmune Disease | 0.3 | 0.8 | -1.67 |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Biofilm | 0 | 0 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 1 | 1.1 | -0.1 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.3 | 1.1 | -2.67 |
| Breast Cancer | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Cancer (General) | 0.3 | 1.2 | -3 |
| Carcinoma | 1.7 | 1.4 | 0.21 |
| Celiac Disease | 0.6 | 2.4 | -3 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 0.8 | 1 | -0.25 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.13 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 1.9 | 1.8 | 0.06 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.8 | -0.8 | |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 0.3 | 1.1 | -2.67 |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.4 | 0.7 | -0.75 |
| Cognitive Function | 2 | 1.1 | 0.82 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 4.2 | 1.3 | 2.23 |
| Constipation | 0.6 | 1 | -0.67 |
| Coronary artery disease | 0 | 1.5 | 0 |
| COVID-19 | 3.6 | 3.7 | -0.03 |
| Crohn's Disease | 2.9 | 3.6 | -0.24 |
| Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism) | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| cystic fibrosis | 1.3 | -1.3 | |
| deep vein thrombosis | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
| Depression | 5.2 | 4 | 0.3 |
| Dermatomyositis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Eczema | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Endometriosis | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0 |
| Epilepsy | 0.9 | 1.7 | -0.89 |
| erectile dysfunction | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Fibromyalgia | 1.7 | 1.6 | 0.06 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 2.4 | 2.8 | -0.17 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.6 | 1 | -0.67 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0.7 | -0.7 | |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 1.2 | 2.1 | -0.75 |
| Gout | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.75 |
| Graves' disease | 1 | 1.5 | -0.5 |
| Gulf War Syndrome | 0.4 | 0.8 | -1 |
| Halitosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.27 |
| Heart Failure | 1.5 | 1.2 | 0.25 |
| hemorrhagic stroke | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| High Histamine/low DAO | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
| hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) | 0.3 | 0.4 | -0.33 |
| hyperglycemia | 0.6 | 1.7 | -1.83 |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| hypersomnia | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 2.5 | 3 | -0.2 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.2 | 1 | -4 |
| Hypoxia | 1.2 | 0.3 | 3 |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 1 | 1.3 | -0.3 |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 2.1 | 3.7 | -0.76 |
| Insomnia | 0.7 | 1.8 | -1.57 |
| Intelligence | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 2.7 | 2.7 | 0 |
| ischemic stroke | 1.8 | 0.8 | 1.25 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 2.8 | 2.6 | 0.08 |
| Long COVID | 2.7 | 4.1 | -0.52 |
| Low bone mineral density | 1.1 | -1.1 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0.3 | 0.5 | -0.67 |
| Mast Cell Issues / mastitis | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.1 | 1 | -9 |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.29 |
| Menopause | 0.5 | 0.7 | -0.4 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 3.1 | 3.7 | -0.19 |
| Mood Disorders | 5.6 | 3.7 | 0.51 |
| multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 2.8 | 2.5 | 0.12 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
| myasthenia gravis | 0.5 | -0.5 | |
| neuropathic pain | 0.3 | 2.2 | -6.33 |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.6 | 1.1 | -0.83 |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 1.5 | 3.6 | -1.4 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 1.4 | 0.6 | 1.33 |
| Obesity | 5.1 | 4.6 | 0.11 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 1.4 | 2.2 | -0.57 |
| Osteoarthritis | 0.5 | 0.8 | -0.6 |
| Osteoporosis | 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.45 |
| pancreatic cancer | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Parkinson's Disease | 5 | 1.9 | 1.63 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 2.5 | 1.7 | 0.47 |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 0.7 | 1.4 | -1 |
| Psoriasis | 0.6 | 2 | -2.33 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 3.3 | 1.8 | 0.83 |
| Rosacea | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0 |
| Schizophrenia | 3.2 | 2.4 | 0.33 |
| scoliosis | 0.3 | 0.5 | -0.67 |
| Sjögren syndrome | 0.9 | 1.1 | -0.22 |
| Sleep Apnea | 1 | 1.5 | -0.5 |
| Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 1.7 | 2.8 | -0.65 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 1.8 | 1.6 | 0.13 |
| Tic Disorder | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.5 |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 1.2 | 2.3 | -0.92 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 3.2 | 2.9 | 0.1 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 1.4 | 2.7 | -0.93 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 1.5 | 2 | -0.33 |
| Vitiligo | 1.3 | 1 | 0.3 |
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