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Antibacterial Activity: Sulfapyridine works by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of bacteria. It achieves this by interfering with the synthesis of folic acid, which is essential for bacterial DNA and protein production. By inhibiting the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase, sulfapyridine prevents the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) to dihydropteroic acid, a crucial step in folic acid synthesis in bacteria.
Treatment of Bacterial Infections: Sulfapyridine is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, and certain types of skin infections. It is effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus.
Synergistic Effects: Sulfapyridine is often combined with other antibiotics, such as trimethoprim, to create synergistic effects. This combination therapy, known as co-trimoxazole or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), enhances the overall antibacterial activity and reduces the likelihood of bacterial resistance.
Side Effects: Like other sulfonamide antibiotics, sulfapyridine can cause various side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, allergic reactions (such as skin rash and itching), photosensitivity (increased sensitivity to sunlight), and hematological abnormalities (such as leukopenia and hemolytic anemia). Rare but serious adverse effects may include Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Drug Interactions: Sulfapyridine may interact with other medications, including oral anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin), oral hypoglycemic agents (e.g., sulfonylureas), and certain diuretics (e.g., thiazides). These interactions can affect the metabolism and efficacy of co-administered drugs and may require dosage adjustments or close monitoring.
Pregnancy and Lactation: Sulfapyridine is generally not recommended during pregnancy, particularly during the first trimester, due to the risk of adverse effects on fetal development. It may also be excreted in breast milk and can potentially harm nursing infants. Pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers should consult their healthcare providers before using sulfapyridine.
Resistance: Prolonged or indiscriminate use of sulfapyridine and other antibiotics can contribute to the development of bacterial resistance. It is essential to use sulfapyridine judiciously and according to prescribed guidelines to minimize the emergence of resistant bacterial strains.
Medical Supervision: Sulfapyridine should be used under the guidance and supervision of a qualified healthcare professional. Patients should follow the prescribed dosage and duration of treatment, even if their symptoms improve before completing the course of antibiotics.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| genus | Bifidobacterium | Reduces |
| species | Akkermansia muciniphila | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium breve | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium longum | Reduces |
| species | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei | Reduces |
| species | Streptococcus thermophilus | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
| 📓 Direct Citations | 👪👶 Indirect Citations | Taxonomy | Rank | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | Akkermansiaceae | family | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Lacticaseibacillus | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Streptococcus | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Thomasclavelia | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Roseburia | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Eggerthella | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Veillonella | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridioides | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Odoribacter | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Collinsella | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Enterocloster | genus | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Akkermansia | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Mediterraneibacter | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Dorea | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Blautia | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Lachnospira | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Lacrimispora | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bacteroides | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Phocaeicola | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | environmental samples | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | unclassified Akkermansia | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens A | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens B | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens C | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens CPE | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens D | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridium perfringens E | no rank | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Streptococcus parasanguinis | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Streptococcus salivarius | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bifidobacterium longum | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Thomasclavelia ramosa | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Roseburia hominis | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Eggerthella lenta | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Veillonella parvula | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Streptococcus sp. FDAARGOS_192 | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Streptococcus sp. LPB0220 | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Streptococcus sp. HSISM1 | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | [Ruminococcus] torques | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Clostridioides difficile | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Odoribacter splanchnicus | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Collinsella aerofaciens | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Enterocloster bolteae | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium breve | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Akkermansia muciniphila | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Veillonella rodentium | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Streptococcus vestibularis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Eggerthella guodeyinii | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Streptococcus lactarius | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Streptococcus australis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Streptococcus sp. oral taxon 061 | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Dorea formicigenerans | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Veillonella dispar | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Streptococcus infantis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Streptococcus oralis | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Blautia obeum | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Veillonella sp. S12025-13 | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Veillonella nakazawae | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Streptococcus gordonii | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Streptococcus sp. oral taxon 431 | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Streptococcus sp. Marseille-Q6470 | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Streptococcus ilei | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Veillonella rogosae | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides xylanisolvens | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Streptococcus sp. A12 | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Streptococcus thermophilus | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium angulatum | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Lachnospira eligens | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides caccae | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Lacrimispora saccharolytica | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Mediterraneibacter gnavus | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Clostridium perfringens | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Akkermansia glycaniphila | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Akkermansia massiliensis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Candidatus Akkermansia intestinavium | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Phocaeicola vulgatus | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suillum | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suis | subspecies | Decreases |
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 0 | 0 | |
| Acne | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| ADHD | 1.8 | 0.2 | 8 |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 0.9 | 2.1 | -1.33 |
| Allergies | 2.1 | 0.7 | 2 |
| Allergy to milk products | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1 |
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 0.9 | 2.3 | -1.56 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 0.8 | 0.2 | 3 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 1.3 | 0.1 | 12 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0.7 | 1 | -0.43 |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Asthma | 3.1 | 1.6 | 0.94 |
| Atherosclerosis | 0.4 | 0.6 | -0.5 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.1 | 0.2 | 4.5 |
| Autism | 3.3 | 2.7 | 0.22 |
| Autoimmune Disease | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| Barrett esophagus cancer | 0.2 | 0.5 | -1.5 |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0 | 0 | |
| Biofilm | 1.3 | 1.3 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 0.3 | 0.7 | -1.33 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| Cancer (General) | 0.3 | 1.8 | -5 |
| Carcinoma | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.17 |
| Celiac Disease | 1.1 | 1.4 | -0.27 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 1 | 0.4 | 1.5 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 2.4 | 1.5 | 0.6 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.63 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.5 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0.7 | 0.2 | 2.5 |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.5 | 0.8 | -0.6 |
| Cognitive Function | 0.9 | 1.1 | -0.22 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 2.6 | 0.6 | 3.33 |
| Constipation | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.6 | 0.7 | -0.17 |
| COVID-19 | 4.2 | 4 | 0.05 |
| Crohn's Disease | 1.9 | 1.3 | 0.46 |
| Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism) | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| cystic fibrosis | 0.8 | -0.8 | |
| deep vein thrombosis | 0.1 | 0.8 | -7 |
| Denture Wearers Oral Shifts | 1.4 | 1.4 | |
| Depression | 4.8 | 3.9 | 0.23 |
| Dermatomyositis | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
| Eczema | 0.7 | 1.5 | -1.14 |
| Endometriosis | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.33 |
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| Epilepsy | 1 | 0.6 | 0.67 |
| erectile dysfunction | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Fibromyalgia | 1.4 | 0.3 | 3.67 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.67 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.4 | 0.5 | -0.25 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0.2 | 0.8 | -3 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.9 | 1.4 | -0.56 |
| giant cell arteritis | 0 | 0 | |
| Glioblastoma | 0.5 | -0.5 | |
| Gout | 0.8 | 0.1 | 7 |
| Graves' disease | 0.5 | 1.4 | -1.8 |
| Gulf War Syndrome | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 |
| Halitosis | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 1.2 | 0.6 | 1 |
| Heart Failure | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| hemorrhagic stroke | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
| High Histamine/low DAO | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| hyperglycemia | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.83 |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3 |
| hypersomnia | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 1.6 | 2.7 | -0.69 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.1 | 0.5 | -4 |
| Hypoxia | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 0.7 | 1.2 | -0.71 |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 3.9 | 2.9 | 0.34 |
| Insomnia | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.08 |
| Intelligence | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 2.6 | 1.6 | 0.63 |
| ischemic stroke | 1.5 | 0.3 | 4 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 3.2 | 1.6 | 1 |
| Long COVID | 2.5 | 2.3 | 0.09 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
| Mast Cell Issues / mastitis | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.4 |
| membranous nephropathy | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Menopause | 1.4 | 0.3 | 3.67 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 2 | 3.2 | -0.6 |
| Mood Disorders | 5.2 | 3.5 | 0.49 |
| multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 1.4 | 0.1 | 13 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 4 | 1.3 | 2.08 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 1.4 | 0.3 | 3.67 |
| myasthenia gravis | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
| neuropathic pain | 0.2 | 1.4 | -6 |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 1.7 | 1.9 | -0.12 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 0.8 | 0.2 | 3 |
| Obesity | 3.8 | 3.6 | 0.06 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 1.1 | 1.5 | -0.36 |
| Osteoarthritis | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
| Osteoporosis | 0.7 | 1 | -0.43 |
| pancreatic cancer | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
| Parkinson's Disease | 3.3 | 2.1 | 0.57 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 1.2 | 1.3 | -0.08 |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.17 |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 1.8 | 0.3 | 5 |
| Psoriasis | 1.4 | 0.5 | 1.8 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 2.6 | 1.1 | 1.36 |
| Rosacea | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
| Schizophrenia | 3.1 | 0.9 | 2.44 |
| scoliosis | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Sjögren syndrome | 1.2 | 0.6 | 1 |
| Sleep Apnea | 0.3 | 0.6 | -1 |
| Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.17 |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 0.7 | 1.3 | -0.86 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
| Tic Disorder | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 1 | 2 | -1 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 2.3 | 2.5 | -0.09 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 2.2 | 1.7 | 0.29 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 1.8 | 0.7 | 1.57 |
| Vitiligo | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.33 |
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