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Antibacterial Activity: Sulfanilamide works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of folic acid, which is essential for bacterial DNA synthesis and replication. It is effective against a range of bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and skin infections caused by susceptible bacteria.
Side Effects: Like other antibiotics, sulfanilamide can cause side effects. Common side effects may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, headache, dizziness, and skin rash. Some individuals may also experience allergic reactions, including severe skin reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis, although these are rare.
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Sulfanilamide can cause hypersensitivity reactions in some individuals, particularly those with a history of allergies to sulfa drugs or related medications. Hypersensitivity reactions may include rash, itching, swelling, difficulty breathing, and anaphylaxis. Patients with a known allergy to sulfanilamide or sulfa drugs should avoid sulfanilamide-containing medications.
Blood Disorders: Rarely, sulfanilamide can cause blood disorders such as agranulocytosis (severe depletion of white blood cells), hemolytic anemia (destruction of red blood cells), and thrombocytopenia (low platelet count). Patients should be monitored for signs of blood disorders while taking sulfanilamide, and treatment should be discontinued if these complications occur.
Renal Impairment: Sulfanilamide is primarily excreted by the kidneys, so patients with renal impairment may require dosage adjustments or closer monitoring to prevent drug accumulation and potential toxicity. Kidney function should be assessed before starting treatment with sulfanilamide, and dosage adjustments may be necessary in patients with impaired renal function.
Drug Interactions: Sulfanilamide may interact with other medications, potentially increasing the risk of side effects or reducing the effectiveness of other drugs. It's important for patients to inform their healthcare providers about all medications, supplements, and herbal products they are taking before starting treatment with sulfanilamide.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| genus | Bifidobacterium | Reduces |
| species | Akkermansia muciniphila | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium longum | Reduces |
| species | Parabacteroides distasonis | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
| 📓 Direct Citations | 👪👶 Indirect Citations | Taxonomy | Rank | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | Akkermansiaceae | family | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Dorea | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Roseburia | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Parabacteroides | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Ruminococcus | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Agathobacter | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bacteroides | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Clostridioides | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Collinsella | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Eggerthella | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Lachnospira | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Lacrimispora | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Mediterraneibacter | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Odoribacter | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Phocaeicola | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Streptococcus | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Veillonella | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Enterocloster | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Blautia | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Thomasclavelia | genus | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Akkermansia | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | environmental samples | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | unclassified Akkermansia | no rank | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bifidobacterium longum | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Blautia obeum | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Enterocloster bolteae | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Thomasclavelia ramosa | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Veillonella parvula | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Eggerthella lenta | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Ruminococcus bromii | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides xylanisolvens | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Collinsella aerofaciens | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Odoribacter splanchnicus | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Lacrimispora saccharolytica | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Agathobacter rectalis | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Parabacteroides distasonis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Akkermansia massiliensis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Candidatus Akkermansia intestinavium | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | [Ruminococcus] torques | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides ovatus | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides caccae | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Roseburia hominis | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Dorea formicigenerans | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Streptococcus parasanguinis | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Roseburia intestinalis | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Clostridioides difficile | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Mediterraneibacter gnavus | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Akkermansia muciniphila | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Lachnospira eligens | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Akkermansia glycaniphila | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Phocaeicola vulgatus | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suis | subspecies | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suillum | subspecies | Decreases |
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Acne | 0.3 | 0.6 | -1 |
| ADHD | 4.2 | 0.6 | 6 |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.75 |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 2.1 | 2 | 0.05 |
| Allergies | 4.4 | 3.6 | 0.22 |
| Allergy to milk products | 0.9 | 1 | -0.11 |
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 1.3 | 1.3 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 3.8 | 4.2 | -0.11 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.67 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 2.8 | 1 | 1.8 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 1.4 | 2.4 | -0.71 |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Asthma | 4.1 | 2.4 | 0.71 |
| Atherosclerosis | 1.2 | 1.4 | -0.17 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3.2 | 1.3 | 1.46 |
| Autism | 6.2 | 5.7 | 0.09 |
| Autoimmune Disease | 0.6 | 0.8 | -0.33 |
| Barrett esophagus cancer | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Biofilm | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 1.3 | 1.4 | -0.08 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.9 | 1.4 | -0.56 |
| Breast Cancer | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Cancer (General) | 0.6 | 1.9 | -2.17 |
| Carcinoma | 3.5 | 2.6 | 0.35 |
| Celiac Disease | 1.3 | 3.5 | -1.69 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 1.2 | 1.3 | -0.08 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 3.7 | 3.9 | -0.05 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 2.9 | 1.7 | 0.71 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.1 | 0.8 | -7 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 0.7 | 1.4 | -1 |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.7 | 1.3 | -0.86 |
| Cognitive Function | 3.6 | 1.4 | 1.57 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 5 | 2.3 | 1.17 |
| Constipation | 0.9 | 1.3 | -0.44 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1.2 | 1.9 | -0.58 |
| COVID-19 | 6.6 | 7.5 | -0.14 |
| Crohn's Disease | 4.4 | 3.9 | 0.13 |
| Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism) | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| cystic fibrosis | 1.9 | -1.9 | |
| deep vein thrombosis | 1 | 1.4 | -0.4 |
| Denture Wearers Oral Shifts | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
| Depression | 7.7 | 6.4 | 0.2 |
| Dermatomyositis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Eczema | 0.6 | 1.8 | -2 |
| Endometriosis | 2 | 1.7 | 0.18 |
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| Epilepsy | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.08 |
| erectile dysfunction | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| Fibromyalgia | 2.9 | 1.6 | 0.81 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 3.2 | 2.5 | 0.28 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 1.8 | 0.9 | 1 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0.3 | 1.2 | -3 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 1.1 | 2 | -0.82 |
| Glioblastoma | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Gout | 1.5 | 0.6 | 1.5 |
| Graves' disease | 1.9 | 3 | -0.58 |
| Gulf War Syndrome | 0.4 | 0.5 | -0.25 |
| Halitosis | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 2.7 | 1.2 | 1.25 |
| Heart Failure | 1.5 | 1.6 | -0.07 |
| hemorrhagic stroke | 1 | 1 | |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| High Histamine/low DAO | 0.5 | 0.6 | -0.2 |
| hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| hyperglycemia | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0 |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| hypersomnia | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 3.2 | 3.9 | -0.22 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0 | 0.7 | 0 |
| Hypoxia | 1.6 | 0.3 | 4.33 |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 1.6 | 2.2 | -0.38 |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 4.2 | 6.5 | -0.55 |
| Insomnia | 1.9 | 2.5 | -0.32 |
| Intelligence | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 1.2 | 0.6 | 1 |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 4.5 | 3.4 | 0.32 |
| ischemic stroke | 2.7 | 1.1 | 1.45 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 4.9 | 3.3 | 0.48 |
| Long COVID | 4.9 | 6.6 | -0.35 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.8 | -0.8 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0.3 | 1.1 | -2.67 |
| Mast Cell Issues / mastitis | 0.3 | 0.6 | -1 |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.9 | 1.4 | -0.56 |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 1.1 | 1.7 | -0.55 |
| membranous nephropathy | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Menopause | 1.8 | 0.6 | 2 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 4.4 | 5.4 | -0.23 |
| Mood Disorders | 7.7 | 5.1 | 0.51 |
| multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 0.6 | 0.1 | 5 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 4 | 3.2 | 0.25 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 0.5 | 0.7 | -0.4 |
| myasthenia gravis | 0.3 | 0.5 | -0.67 |
| neuropathic pain | 0.3 | 2.6 | -7.67 |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.7 | 1.7 | -1.43 |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 3.8 | 4.4 | -0.16 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.17 |
| Obesity | 6.9 | 5.9 | 0.17 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 2.9 | 2.6 | 0.12 |
| Osteoarthritis | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.17 |
| Osteoporosis | 1.7 | 1.6 | 0.06 |
| pancreatic cancer | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| Parkinson's Disease | 5.7 | 5.1 | 0.12 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 3.7 | 2.6 | 0.42 |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.75 |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 1.2 | 0.6 | 1 |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 2 | 1.8 | 0.11 |
| Psoriasis | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 5.5 | 3 | 0.83 |
| Rosacea | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.13 |
| Schizophrenia | 5 | 2.6 | 0.92 |
| scoliosis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Sjögren syndrome | 2 | 2.6 | -0.3 |
| Sleep Apnea | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0 |
| Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 2.2 | 2.4 | -0.09 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 2.1 | 2.2 | -0.05 |
| Tic Disorder | 0.9 | 1.2 | -0.33 |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 2.5 | 3.6 | -0.44 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 5.6 | 4.8 | 0.17 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 3.8 | 3 | 0.27 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 2.8 | 1.9 | 0.47 |
| Vitiligo | 1.9 | 0.7 | 1.71 |
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