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Beta-Blocker Action: Propranolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, meaning it blocks the action of both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors. By inhibiting these receptors, propranolol reduces the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline, leading to decreased heart rate, reduced force of contraction of the heart, and relaxation of blood vessels.
Antihypertensive Effects: (R)-Propranolol hydrochloride is used in the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure). By decreasing heart rate and cardiac output, as well as dilating blood vessels, it helps lower blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart. This can help prevent complications associated with hypertension, such as stroke, heart attack, and kidney damage.
Management of Angina Pectoris: Propranolol hydrochloride may also be prescribed for the management of angina pectoris, a condition characterized by chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. By decreasing heart rate and myocardial oxygen demand, propranolol helps relieve anginal symptoms and improve exercise tolerance in individuals with stable angina.
Antiarrhythmic Effects: Propranolol hydrochloride has antiarrhythmic properties and may be used in the treatment of certain types of cardiac arrhythmias, particularly ventricular arrhythmias. By slowing conduction through the atrioventricular node and suppressing abnormal electrical activity in the heart, propranolol can help restore normal heart rhythm and prevent arrhythmic events.
Prophylaxis of Migraine: Propranolol is also indicated for the prophylaxis of migraine headaches. Its mechanism of action in migraine prophylaxis is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve the blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors and modulation of neurotransmitter release in the brain. Propranolol may reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks in susceptible individuals.
Reduction of Myocardial Oxygen Demand: By reducing heart rate and myocardial contractility, propranolol hydrochloride decreases myocardial oxygen demand, which can be beneficial in individuals with coronary artery disease or ischemic heart disease. Lowering myocardial oxygen demand helps improve oxygen supply-demand balance in the heart and may reduce the frequency and severity of anginal episodes.
Dosage and Administration: (R)-Propranolol hydrochloride is typically administered orally in the form of tablets or capsules. The dosage and frequency of administration may vary depending on the patient's age, weight, medical condition, and response to treatment. It is usually taken one to four times daily, with or without food.
Side Effects: Common side effects of propranolol hydrochloride may include fatigue, dizziness, lightheadedness, bradycardia (slow heart rate), hypotension (low blood pressure), cold extremities, gastrointestinal disturbances (e.g., nausea, diarrhea), and worsening of heart failure symptoms in susceptible individuals. These side effects are usually mild and transient but should be reported to a healthcare provider if they persist or worsen over time.
Contraindications: Propranolol hydrochloride is contraindicated in individuals with known hypersensitivity to beta-blockers, severe bradycardia, heart block greater than first degree, cardiogenic shock, decompensated heart failure, and certain other cardiac conditions. It should be used with caution in patients with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, and other comorbidities.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| species | Akkermansia muciniphila | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
| 📓 Direct Citations | 👪👶 Indirect Citations | Taxonomy | Rank | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | Akkermansiaceae | family | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Ruminococcus | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Enterocloster | genus | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Akkermansia | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Eggerthella | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Streptococcus | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Agathobacter | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Segatella | genus | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | environmental samples | no rank | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | unclassified Akkermansia | no rank | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Ruminococcus bromii | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Enterocloster bolteae | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Akkermansia muciniphila | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Eggerthella lenta | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Streptococcus salivarius | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Agathobacter rectalis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Akkermansia glycaniphila | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Akkermansia massiliensis | species | Decreases |
| 0 | 1 | Candidatus Akkermansia intestinavium | species | Decreases |
| 1 | 0 | Segatella copri | species | Decreases |
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD | 0.5 | 0.1 | 4 |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
| Allergies | 0.6 | 1.5 | -1.5 |
| Allergy to milk products | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 0.5 | 0.7 | -0.4 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0.4 | 0.5 | -0.25 |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Asthma | 0.4 | 0.6 | -0.5 |
| Atherosclerosis | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
| Autism | 1.7 | 1.1 | 0.55 |
| Autoimmune Disease | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Barrett esophagus cancer | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Biofilm | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
| Carcinoma | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
| Celiac Disease | 0.1 | 0.5 | -4 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 1.8 | 0.5 | 2.6 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0.1 | 0.4 | -3 |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.1 | 0.4 | -3 |
| Cognitive Function | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 0.8 | 0.1 | 7 |
| Constipation | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.5 | 0.1 | 4 |
| COVID-19 | 1 | 2.1 | -1.1 |
| Crohn's Disease | 0.7 | 1 | -0.43 |
| deep vein thrombosis | 0.2 | 0.4 | -1 |
| Denture Wearers Oral Shifts | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Depression | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.17 |
| Dermatomyositis | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Eczema | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Endometriosis | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Epilepsy | 0.3 | 0.5 | -0.67 |
| Fibromyalgia | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Glioblastoma | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Gout | 0.6 | 0.2 | 2 |
| Graves' disease | 0.3 | 0.4 | -0.33 |
| Gulf War Syndrome | 0.1 | 0.5 | -4 |
| Halitosis | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
| Heart Failure | 0.4 | 0.7 | -0.75 |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| High Histamine/low DAO | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| hyperglycemia | 0.2 | 0.5 | -1.5 |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Hypoxia | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 0.7 | 1.8 | -1.57 |
| Insomnia | 0.2 | 1 | -4 |
| Intelligence | 0 | 0 | |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0 |
| ischemic stroke | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 0.9 | 1 | -0.11 |
| Long COVID | 0.8 | 1.2 | -0.5 |
| Lung Cancer | 0.7 | -0.7 | |
| Mast Cell Issues / mastitis | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| membranous nephropathy | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Menopause | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 0.7 | 0.9 | -0.29 |
| Mood Disorders | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.42 |
| multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 1.4 | 0.6 | 1.33 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
| myasthenia gravis | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| neuropathic pain | 0.1 | 0.2 | -1 |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 0.4 | 1 | -1.5 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Obesity | 1 | 1.3 | -0.3 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| Osteoarthritis | 0.1 | 0.6 | -5 |
| Osteoporosis | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 |
| pancreatic cancer | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Parkinson's Disease | 1.6 | 0.6 | 1.67 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 1.1 | 1.2 | -0.09 |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
| Psoriasis | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 1.4 | 0.1 | 13 |
| Rosacea | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Schizophrenia | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.8 |
| scoliosis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Sjögren syndrome | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Sleep Apnea | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 |
| Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 0.2 | 0.5 | -1.5 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.5 |
| Tic Disorder | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.33 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 0.1 | 0.9 | -8 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| Vitiligo | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1 |
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